Functional Diversity of Culturable Bacterial Communities in the Rhizosphere in Relation to Fine-root and Soil Parameters in Alder Stands on Forest, Abandoned Agricultural, and Oil-shale Mining Areas

Grey alder (Alnus incana) and black alder (Alnus glutinosa) stands on forest land, abandoned agricultural, and reclaimed oil-shale mining areas were investigated with the aim of analysing the functional diversity and activity of microbial communities in the soil–root interface and in the bulk soil in relation to fine-root parameters, alder species, and soil type. Biolog Ecoplates were used to determine community-level physiological profiles (CLPP) of culturable bacteria in soil–root interface and bulk soil samples. CLPP were summarized as AWCD (average well color development, OD 48 h⁻¹) and by Shannon diversity index, which varied between 4.3 and 4.6 for soil–root interface. The soil–root interface/bulk soil ratio of AWCD was estimated. Substrate-induced respiration (SIR) and basal respiration (BAS) of bulk soil samples were measured and metabolic quotient (Q = BAS/SIR) was calculated. SIR and Q varied from 0.24 to 2.89 mg C g⁻¹ and from 0.12 to 0.51, respectively. Short-root morphological studies were carried out by WinRHIZO^TM Pro 2003b; mean specific root area (SRA) varied for grey alder and black alder from 69 to 103 and from 54 to 155 m² kg⁻¹, respectively. The greatest differences between AWCD values of culturable bacterial communities in soil–root interface and bulk soil were found for the young alder stands on oil-shale mining spoil and on abandoned agricultural land. Soil–root interface/bulk soil AWCD ratio, ratio for Shannon diversity indices, and SRA were positively correlated. Foliar assimilation efficiency (FOE) was negatively correlated with soil–root interface/bulk soil AWCD ratio. The impact of soil and alder species on short-root morphology was significant; short-root tip volume and mass were greater for black alder than grey alder. For the investigated microbiological characteristics, no alder-species-related differences were revealed.     

贺兰山不同海拔典型植被带土壤微生物多样性

土壤微生物多样性在海拔梯度的分布格局研究近年来受到和植物动物一样的重视程度,但是干旱风沙区微生物多样性在海拔梯度上的多样性分布规律尚未揭示。本研究以处于干旱风沙区的贺兰山不同海拔的六个典型植被带（荒漠草原带、山地旱生灌丛带、温性针叶林带、针阔混交林带、寒温性针叶林带和亚高山草甸带）土壤为研究对象,利用Biolog微平板法和磷脂脂肪酸甲酯法(FAMEs)系统研究微生物多样性群落特征以及在不同植被带分布规律。结果表明：土壤微生物功能多样性随海拔增加发生变化,且微生物群落结构存在显著差异。Biolog分析显示土壤微生物群落代谢活性依次是：亚高山草甸>寒温性针叶林>针阔混交林>温性针叶林>山地旱生灌丛>荒漠草原,随海拔的升高土壤微生物群落物种丰富度指数（H）和均匀度指数（E）总体上均表现出增大的趋势,差异显著（P＜0.05）;FAMEs分析表明不同海拔的微生物区系发生了一定程度的变化,寒温性针叶林土壤微生物磷酸脂肪酸生物标记的数量和种类均最高,且细菌、真菌特征脂肪酸相对含量也最高;土壤微生物群落结构多样性次序是：寒温性针叶林带>针阔混交林带>温性针叶林带>亚高山草甸>山地旱生灌丛>荒漠草原。本研究结果表明贺兰山海拔梯度的微生物多样性分布规律不同于已有的植物多样性“中部膨胀”研究结果,这说明在高海拔地区有更多的适合该生境的微生物存在,这对维持干旱风沙区的生态系统功能稳定性具有重要意义。     

大豆连作对土体和根际微生物群落功能的影响

试验采用Biolog方法在大田试验条件下研究了不同连作年限大豆在结荚期和收获期根际和土体微生物群落功能多样性的变化.试验结果表明,在结荚期和收获期根际微生物群落功能多样性、均匀度指数和AWCD均显著高于土体.在结荚期迎茬和连作8a的土体微生物多样性、AWCD均高于正茬和连作4a土体;在收获期正茬和迎茬处理的土体微生物多样性、AWCD高于连作4a和8a.结荚期迎茬、连作4a和8a处理的根际微生物群落AWCD均显著高于收获期,说明在大豆植株生长旺盛的结荚期微生物群落的根际效应比收获期更明显.在这两个生长期降解氨基酸,糖类和羧酸类碳源的微生物可能是连作影响的主要土体微生物类群.     

Effects of continuous cucumber cropping and alternative rotations under protected cultivation on soil microbial community diversity

The diversity of soil microbial communities as affected by continuous cucumber cropping and alternative rotations under protected cultivation were evaluated using community level physiological profiles (CLPP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The soils were selected from six cucumber cropping systems, which cover two cropping practices (rotation and continuous cropping) and a wide spectrum for cucumber cropping history under protected cultivation. Shannon–Weaver index and multivariate analysis were performed to characterize variations in soil microbial communities. Both CLPP and RAPD techniques demonstrated that cropping systems and plastic-greenhouse cultivation could considerably affect soil microbial functional diversity and DNA sequence diversity. The open-field soil had the highest Shannon–Weaver index (3.27 for CLPP and 1.50 for RAPD), whereas the lowest value occurred in the 7-year continuous protected cultivation soil (3.27 for CLPP and 1.50 for RAPD). The results demonstrated that continuous plastic-greenhouse cultivation and management can cause the reduction in the species diversity of the biota. Higher Shannon–Weaver index and coefficients of DNA sequence similarity were found in soils under rotation than those under continuous cropping. Cluster analysis also indicated that microbial community profiles of continuous cultivation soils were different from profiles of rotation soils. The reduction in diversity of microbial communities found in continuous cultivation soils as compared with rotation soils might be due to the differences in the quantity, quality and distribution of soil organic matter. Section Editor: D. E. Crowley     

Anti-protozoal and anti-bacterial antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis kill cancer subtypes enriched for stem cell-like properties

Key players in translational regulation such as ribosomes might represent powerful, but hitherto largely unexplored, targets to eliminate drug-refractory cancer stem cells (CSCs). A recent study by the Lisanti group has documented how puromycin, an old antibiotic derived from Streptomyces alboniger that inhibits ribosomal protein translation, can efficiently suppress CSC states in tumorspheres and monolayer cultures. We have used a closely related approach based on Biolog Phenotype Microarrays (PM), which contain tens of lyophilized antimicrobial drugs, to assess the chemosensitivity profiles of breast cancer cell lines enriched for stem cell-like properties. Antibiotics directly targeting active sites of the ribosome including emetine, puromycin and cycloheximide, inhibitors of ribosome biogenesis such as dactinomycin, ribotoxic stress agents such as daunorubicin, and indirect inhibitors of protein synthesis such as acriflavine, had the largest cytotoxic impact against claudin-low and basal-like breast cancer cells. Thus, biologically aggressive, treatment-resistant breast cancer subtypes enriched for stem cell-like properties exhibit exacerbated chemosensitivities to anti-protozoal and anti-bacterial antibiotics targeting protein synthesis. These results suggest that old/existing microbicides might be repurposed not only as new cancer therapeutics, but also might provide the tools and molecular understanding needed to develop second-generation inhibitors of ribosomal translation to eradicate CSC traits in tumor tissues.     

转基因棉花种植对根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

应用Biolog方法对两种转基因棉花及其亲本非转基因棉花根际土壤微生物的单一碳源利用水平进行了比较分析,探讨转基因棉花种植对其根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响.结果表明：与非转基因亲本相比,在苗期、蕾期、吐絮期、衰老期转基因棉花种植对根际土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力、Shannon功能多样性指数和均匀度指数的影响均不显著,而在花铃期根际土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力和Shannon功能多样性指数显著降低.主成分分析表明,花铃期转基因棉花与非转基因棉花根际土壤微生物碳源利用在两主成分轴上的分异较大,碳源利用模式差异显著.     

施氮水平和收获时期对夏玉米产量和籽粒品质的影响

为明确黄淮海夏玉米适宜的施肥量和最佳收获时期,设计了5个氮肥水平（不施肥、113、181、249和375 kg N·hm^-2）和2个收获时期（S₁：9月23日,农民习惯收获时间;S₂：9月29日,推迟6 d收获）,研究施氮量和收获时期对夏玉米产量和品质的影响.结果表明：随施肥量增加,夏玉米穗粒数、千粒重和产量均增加,但差异不显著,其中施肥量在113～181 kg N·hm^-2的玉米产量、氮素利用效率均相对较高;随施肥量增加,夏玉米蛋白质和赖氨酸含量增加,淀粉含量降低.与9月23日蜡熟期收获相比,9月29日完熟期收获的夏玉米籽粒千粒重、产量、淀粉和赖氨酸含量均增加,籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量降低.依据产量水平,黄淮海高产夏玉米区适宜的施肥量在113～180 kg N·hm^-2,最佳收获时期应推迟至9月29日-10月5日.     

猫儿山不同海拔植被带土壤微生物群落功能多样性

为研究中亚热带森林土壤微生物群落功能多样性特征及其随海拔梯度的变化,应用Biolog微平板技术,对猫儿山不同海拔植被带(常绿阔叶林(EBF)、落叶阔叶混交林(DBF)、针阔混交林(CBF))土壤微生物群落功能多样性差异进行了比较。结果表明,不同海拔植被带土壤微生物群落功能多样性差异显著。土壤平均颜色变化率(AWCD)随培养时间延长而逐渐增加,随着海拔升高,土壤AWCD值逐渐降低,大小顺序为EBFDBFCBF。土壤微生物群落Shannon指数和丰富度指数的总体趋势为EBF最高,DBF次之,CBF最低。不同海拔植被带土壤微生物群落均匀度指数之间差异不显著。不同海拔植被带土壤微生物对不同碳源的利用能力存在差异,其中EBF利用率最高,CBF利用率最低,氨基酸类、胺类和酯类碳源为各海拔植被带土壤微生物利用的主要碳源。主成分分析结果表明,主成分1和主成分2分别能解释变量方差的40.42%和15.97%,在主成分分离中起主要贡献作用的是酯类、胺类和氨基酸类碳源。土壤理化性质与土壤微生物群落功能多样性之间的相关性分析结果表明,微生物群落多样性的Shannon指数与全钾(TK)呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与含水量呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与总有机碳(TOC)、全氮(TN)、速效氮(AN)、有效P(AP)之间的相关性显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01),且为负相关。土壤TK含量和含水量可能是造成不同海拔土壤微生物群落功能多样性差异的主要原因。     

深松对乌拉尔甘草根际土壤养分以及微生物群落功能多样性的影响

通过大田试验和室内分析相结合,研究了深松对乌拉尔甘草根际土壤养分和微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以期为乌拉尔甘草人工种植地土壤耕作措施优化和土壤环境改良提供依据。结果表明,与未深松(常规耕作)处理相比,深松处理对乌拉尔甘草根际土壤0—20 cm耕层土壤养分含量无显著性影响,可显著提高乌拉尔甘草根际土壤20—40 cm耕层有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾的含量,分别提高了60.8%、65.3%、48.9%和86.8%;明显增加了0—20 cm和20—40 cm耕层细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量(P0.05),3种类型的微生物数量均呈现出上层大于下层,深松大于未深松的变化趋势。在156 h的微生物温育期内,深松处理下不同土层的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)均显著高于未深松处理,并显著提高了AWCD的利用率(72 h,P0.05),较未深松分别提高了35.5%和130.8%。与未深松处理相比,深松处理显著提高了土壤微生物的多样性指数(H、S、D)。主成分分析(PCA)表明,深松优化了乌拉尔甘草根际土壤微生物的群落组成;聚合物、羧酸类化合物、氨基酸和碳水化合物是深松处理下根际土壤微生物利用的主要碳源。总而言之,深松处理显著提高乌拉尔甘草根际土壤养分含量、微生物数量和微生物多样性指数,改变了微生物群落功能多样性,造成这种差异的主要原因可能是深松改变了土壤耕层结构,改善了微生物的生存环境。因此,深松对乌拉尔甘草人工种植地土壤质量的改良有积极作用。