Four New Diterpenoid Alkaloids from The Roots of Aconitum coreanum

Four new hetisine‐type C₂₀‐diterpenoid alkaloids, named as coreanines A–D ( 1 – 4 ), were isolated from the roots of Aconitum coreanum, together with thirteen known alkaloids ( 5 – 17 ). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods including IR, HR‐ESI‐MS and NMR techniques. All the isolated compounds were screened for the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory effects, and none of them showed considerable inhibitory activity.     

Analysis of fatty acids in A. szechenyianum Gay. by microwave‐assisted extraction and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry

Introduction – Aconitum szechenyianum Gay. is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb with the detumescent and styptic effects and antitumor activity. There have been only a few researches on its chemical components, but no detailed report has appeared on its fatty acids. Objective – To develop a simple and effective method for the extraction of fatty acids from A. zechenyianum Gay. and then to investigate the fatty acid components. Methodology – Microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) was optimized with response surface methodology, and the fatty acid compositions of extract were determined by GC–MS with previous derivatisation to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). The results were compared with that obtained by classical Soxhlet extraction (SE). Results – Compared with SE, MAE showed significantly higher fatty acid yields, shorter extraction time, and lower energy and solvent consumption. The major fatty acids in A. szechenyianum Gay. are linoleic acid, palmitic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid, and the unsaturated fatty acids occupy 66.4% of the total fatty acids. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

丽江乌头根中的二萜生物碱成分研究

为了寻找丽江乌头中结构新颖的化合物,丰富丽江乌头的化学成分多样性,本文对丽江乌头(Aconitum forrestii Stapf)根部的化学成分进行研究,采用硅胶柱层析从其乙醇提取物中分离得到14个化合物。通过HR-ESI-MS、1D和2D NMR等波谱技术鉴定了它们的结构,其中化合物1是一个新的乌头碱型二萜生物碱,命名为8-O-methyl-14-O-anisoylchasmanine(1)。其余13个化合物均为已知化合物:14-acetoxy-8-O-methylsachaconitine(2)、14-acetyltalatizamine(3)、talatisamine(4)、chasmanine(5)、ezochasmanine(6)、crassicautine(7)、geniculatine C(8)、cammaconine(9)、vilmoraconitine(10)、aconitramine A(11)、vilmorrianine G(12)、hemsleyaconitine G(13)和heterophylloidine(14)。测试了所有化合物对阿霉素诱导的H9c2心肌细胞损伤的保护活性,结果显示化合物3、10、11和12表现出一定的保护作用。     

露蕊乌头(毛茛科)不同海拔居群的传粉生态学

对青藏高原东北部两个不同海拔地点（互助,2460m和海北,3200m）的露蕊乌头Aconitum gymnandrum的传粉生态学进行了比较研究。研究结果表明高海拔居群的单花花期、雄性期持续时间、雌性期持续时间比低海拔长。露蕊乌头不存在无融合生殖现象,尽管高度自交亲和,但产生种子必须依赖传粉媒介。熊蜂是露蕊乌头的主要传粉昆虫,两个居群均存在传粉限制。熊蜂取食花蜜为主,在同一个花序上的访问顺序以由下向上为主,但在互助居群和海北居群有3．9％和2．7％的访花是由上向下进行的。统计发现有37．7％和29．3％的访问行为发生在同一植株内;因此,同株异花传粉造成的自交在露蕊乌头中仍然不能避免。低海拔居群的熊蜂种类和访花频率均高于高海拔居群,但自然状态下两个居群的结实率并没有显著差异。高海拔露蕊乌头居群可能具有较长的柱头持续时间,从而补偿了由于访花频率低带来的结实率降低。     

Is the caste-ratio of the oligolectic bumblebee Bombus gerstaeckeri Morawitz (Hymenoptera: Apidae) biased to queens?

Three bumblebee species, foraging on Aconitum spp. have been commonly observed in Eyne (France, East Pyrénées): Bombus gerstaeckeri, B. hortorum and B. wurflenii. We estimated the population of these three species. For B. hortorum and B. wurflenii, the total workers populations foraging on Aconitum spp. ranged from 101 to 523 and 156 to 270, respectively. These two species also forage on other plants while B. gerstaeckeri visits only Aconitum spp. The population of B. gerstaeckeri observed was extremely small, founded by 33 queens only in 2001. With a total number of workers estimated from 40 to 102, the observed workers/queens ratio, 1 to 3 workers for each queen, is very unusual for a eusocial species. Also we observed queens foraging during the whole life of the colony. This kind of social organisation is similar to that of some high arctic species. It could be interpreted as the result of an insularity syndrome.     

附子连作障碍效应初步研究

通过大田试验,调查了连作附子的生长发育、产量及病虫害的变化,分析附子的连作障碍原因;并通过实验室常规分析,测定连作土壤的理化性状,探讨附子连作障碍的形成机理。结果显示：随着连作年限的增加,连作附子株高、茎粗、母根直径、最大子根直径均出现了不同程度的下降,其中连作对附子株高和茎粗的影响极显著;连作使病、虫害逐年加重,产量显著下降;附子连作使土壤pH下降,有机质含量升高,全N、有效P、速效K过剩。结果表明,连作加重了附子根腐病的发生,影响了附子母根的正常发育,从而导致附子产量下降;连作导致土壤pH降低是影响附子正常生长的限制因子。因此通过采用科学的配方施肥措施,调节土壤pH值,改善土壤环境,是缓解附子连作障碍的重要途径。     

多根乌头的药用资源研究

对多根乌头的生物学特性,有效成分的鉴别,分离等方面进行了研究报道,从多根乌头中首次分得12－表－欧乌碱,其中准噶尔乌头碱,新乌碱,12－表－欧乌碱含量较高,为多根乌头药用资源的开发利用提供了科学依据。     

濒危药用植物短柄乌头及其近缘种的核型研究

对短柄乌头及其展毛短柄乌头、铁棒锤核型进行研究,为短柄乌头的细胞地理分布和选育提供理论基础.3个种其染色体基数为 X＝8,短柄乌头6个居群出现5种核型公式,不同居群染色体形态变异较大.其中宁蒗和盐源2个居群核型公式相同.四川木里居群属于 Stebbins 的1A 型,丽江、宁蒗、四川盐源居群属于2B 型,会泽、东川居群属于3B 型;铁棒锤和展毛短柄乌头核型类型都是属于2B 型.短柄乌头各项染色体参数表现出较高的不对称性,核型比较不相近.核型公式变异、核型不对称系数、核型不对称指数没有显示出清晰的、对应的地理分布.6个短柄乌头居群中也没发现三倍体,短柄乌头的选育还需进一步研究.     

青藏高原露蕊乌头不同海拔居群的开花持续期与繁殖分配

对青藏高原东部3个不同海拔居群的露蕊乌头(Aconitum gymnandrum)(毛茛科)开花持续期和繁殖分配进行了野外观察和检测试验。结果表明:(1)随着海拔的升高,露蕊乌头的开花持续期时间延长,且不同居群间存在显著差异。(2)露蕊乌头的植株个体越大,繁殖投入越高。(3)露蕊乌头的繁殖分配在地上总生物量中所占的比例随海拔升高而增加。研究认为,露蕊乌头在高海拔地区较高的繁殖分配比例强调了有性繁殖在高山恶劣环境中的重要性,而高海拔地区开花持续期的延长补偿了传粉昆虫的减少并增加了对传粉昆虫的吸引能力。