Ultrastructural changes in maturing pollen grains ofApium nodiflorum L. (Apiaceae), with special reference to the endoplasmic reticulum

Summary The ultrastructural events in 3-cellular pollen grains ofApium nodiflorum L. are investigated during pollen maturation. Three distinct developmental stages are distinguished from the formation of sperm cells up to anthesis, whereby the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is mainly involved. The most conspicious form is the highly dilated RER in the vegetative cytoplasm of the youngest pollen grains, which changes to vesicular RER in the following stage. In mature pollen grains the RER has a narrow cisternal configuration and often forms stacks. Pollen activation is preceded by the accumulation of polysaccharide particles.     

Characterisation and in vivo behaviour of a Salmonella typhimurium aroA strain expressing Escherichia coli K1 polysaccharide

Abstract Plasmid pKT274 encoding a determinant for the Escherichia coli K1 polysaccharide was introduced into the Salmonella typhimurium aro A vaccine strain SL3261 and cells harbouring the plasmid were shown to express K1 polysaccharide at their cell surface. SL3261 (pKT274) could be detected in the livers and spleens of BALB/c mice infected by the intravenous route and viable organisms persisted for several weeks. SL3261 (pKT274) was cleared from the livers more rapidly and from the spleens more slowly than SL3261. Unlike mice infected with SL3261 those infected with SL3261 (pKT274) did not exhibit gross splenomegaly during the first three weeks after infection. Mice vaccinated with viable SL3261 (pKT274) were protected against challenge with virulent S. typhimurium but failed to produce detectable levels of humoral anti-K1 polysaccharide antibodies.     

Monensin inhibits the secretion of α-amylase but not polysaccharide slime from seedling tissues ofZea mays

Summary The effect of monensin on polysaccharide slime secretion by root tips of corn (Zea mays) was studied. Various treatment times and ionophore concentrations were tested: none resulted in inhibition of slime secretion. Because monensin changes the pH of the medium, its effect was also monitored in strongly buffered media and at different pH's. Even in such media, monensin did not inhibit slime secretion. We also measured the effect of the drug after a pulse with [³H]fucose or a pulse followed by a chase. The amount of labeled slimed secreted was not altered by the ionophore. However, 10M monensin affected the development of root tips and drastically reduced their growth. We showed that monensin inhibits the secretion of -amylase by the scutellum of the same plantlet. The importance of the nature of the secretory compound in relation to monensin inhibition of its secretion is discussed.Abbrevations Hepes N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethane-sul-fonic acid - Mes 2-(N-morpholino)ethane-sulfonic acid     

The endomembrane system of differentiating carposporangia in the red algaChondria tenuissima: Occurrence and participation in secretion of polysaccharidic and proteinaceous substances

Summary The endomembrane system during carposporogenesis inChondria tenuissima was studied using electron microscopy and histochemistry. Profiles of the nucleus are convoluted, resulting in a highly increased surface area. Stacked cisternae are found within the peripheral part of the nucleus. Vesicles, tubules and membrane bound fibrillar bodies occur within the nucleoplasm. The endoplasmic reticulum surrounds the nuclear envelope.The endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, together with small transition vesicles, represent a functional unit. They form two different secretory substances during carposporogenesis. In young stages, carbohydrates are produced by normal dictyosomes within large, normal exocytotic Golgi vesicles. They do not react positively with PAS or Thiéry method and are believed to represent cell wall material. In later stages, the central area of the Golgi cisternae becomes filled with electron dense material. The individual cisternae are transformed into cored vesicles at the trans-face of the dictyosomes. The dense core of the vesicles is proteinaceous and stains with coomassie brilliant blue R. The peripheral fibrillar material is polysaccharidic and reacts positively using the Thiéry method. The contents of the cored vesicles are believed to participate in carpospore attachment. The ER gives rise to cytolysosomes in which starch grains are sequestrated and digested. Mucilaginous sacs seem to be similarly formed.     

冬虫夏草多糖的分子结构与免疫活性

 冬虫夏草多糖(在本文中名为CS-81002)是由冬虫夏草菌Cordyceps sinensis(Berk)Sacc在人工发酵条件下产生的胞外多糖。用凝胶过滤法测出CS-81002的分子量Mr=43kD。CS-81002的单糖组成为Man:Gal:Glc=10.3:3.6:1。甲基化分析和部份酸水解结果表明,CS-81002是多分支的杂多糖,由→6)-Manp-(1→形成主链,大约每10个主链Man残基中,有6个在C3位上被取代(即形成→3,6)-Manp-(1→分支),有4个在位C2上被取代(即形成→2,6-Manp-(1→分支),从而形成侧链。主链中还有少许未被取代的Man残基。侧链则由→3-)-Galf-(1→,→4)-Glcf-(1→,→4)-Manp-(1→和→2)-Manp-(1→组成。位于非还原末端的,则三种单糖残基都有。CS-81002在5mg/kg体重×12剂量条件下,对正常的昆明小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能有显著促进作用。在同样剂量条件下,对正常LACA小鼠脾脏溶血斑形成细胞(PFC)对绵羊红细胞的溶血作用无显著影响。不同程度的部份酸水解可使CS-81002的分子量下降,分支减少,并且对巨噬细胞吞噬功能的促进作用亦有下降趋势。在所得到的各个部份酸水解级分(分子量分别为41000,40000,32000,16000和12000)中,分子量为12000的级分对巨噬细胞吞噬功能无促进作用。     

鹅掌楸属植物的多糖壁前体和花粉管的生长

本文观察描述了中国鹅掌楸（Ｌｉｒｉｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ）和北美鹅掌楸（Ｌ．ｔｕｌｉｐｉｆｅｒａ）花粉在异已柱头萌发和花粉管生长期间多糖壁前体的发生、形态结构和生理功能．１、多糖壁前体在形态上有Ｐ－粒子（Ｐｏｌｙｓａｃｃｈａｒｉｄｅｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ）,被膜小泡（ｃｏａｔｅｄｖｅｓｉｃｌｅ）和小泡（ｖｅｓｉｃｌｅ）三种。２、Ｐ－粒子于单核花粉期已经发生,至花粉管延伸期为发生高峰。多糖壁前体是在高尔基体,内质网和线粒体的相继、连续作用下,由淀粉质体、蛋白体和脂滴降解形成．３、Ｐ－粒子的形态随不同发育时期而变化,早期为成群的电子透明小泡,或为蛋白质束缚的挤压成多面体形,后期为内含颗粒或微纤丝的无被膜粒子或具刺被膜粒子。４、Ｐ－粒子移至管端．或融合或单个通过周质内质网（ＣＥＲ）,释放内容物参与管端壁的形成,被膜小池和小泡移至花粉管次顶端区向质膜外分泌,参与花粉管壁内层的形成,或移至管端,提供膜片。最后讨论了亲和性与超微结构特征的关系．     

浒苔多糖的分离、纯化和分析

浒苔（Ｅｎｔｅｒｏｍｏｒｐｈａｐｒｏｌｉｆｅｒａ）经热水提取,Ｓｅｖａｇｅ法除去蛋白质,用乙醇沉淀,ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１００柱层析,得浒苔多糖（简称ＥＰ）精制品。经ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－２００柱层析鉴定为单一对称性洗脱峰。红外光谱分析具有多糖特征吸收峰,紫外光谱分析未见有核酸和蛋白质的特征吸收峰。总糖含量为８８．８％,其中糖醛酸含量为３３．６％。单糖组成为Ｌ－阿拉伯糖、Ｌ－岩藻糖、Ｄ－甘露糖、Ｄ－半乳糖及Ｄ－葡萄糖,平均分子量为２５０００。     

浒苔多糖的降血脂及其对SOD活力和LPO含量的影响

浒苔多糖剂量１５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ可使高胆固醇血症小鼠血清胆固醇下降２２％,剂量１６８ｍｇ／ｋｇ可使高脂血症大鼠ＴＣＨ和ＴＧ分别降低５８％和６１％,ＨＤＬ升高２７％,剂量２５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ可分别提高血清、脑和肝ＳＯＤ活力３３％、１１８％和２２４％,剂量１６８ｍｇ／ｋｇ对高血脂大鼠血清和心脏ＬＰＯ含量降低３５％和４６％。     

Analysis of effector T cells against the murine syngeneic tumor MethA in mice orally administered antitumor polysaccharide SPR-901

The growth of MethA tumor was significantly inhibited by oral administration of the -glucan SPR-901 in BALB/c (+/+) mice but not in nude mice. Mice treated orally with SPR-901 exhibited an augmentation of antigen-specific resistance against rechallenge with the tumor cells. The tumor-neutralizing activity of regional lymph node cells from MethA-bearing mice against the tumor was augmented by oral administration of SPR-901. The tumor-neutralizing activity of lymph node cells from SPR-901-treated mice mainly appeared in Lyt2+cells. Furthermore, lymphokine-activated killer activity of these cells was enhanced by administration of SPR-901. The antitumor effect of SPR-901 was abrogated in mice depleted of either L3T4+ or Lyt2+ cells, and in cyclosporin-A-treated mice. These results suggest that Lyt2+ cells are important effector cells in MethA-bearing mice orally adminstered SPR-901 and that functional exertion of both Lyt2+ and L3T4+T cells is necessary for the antitumor effect of orally administered SPR-901 in vivo.     

罗望子的综合利用开发

本文从食品、医药及轻工业等方面介绍了罗望子(Tamarindus indica L.)的国内外应用情况,特别是罗望子多糖在国外的开发利用状况,为我国进一步开发罗望子这一重要经济植物资源提供线索和参考。