短裙竹荪和白鬼笔18SrDNA部分序列及其系统学意义

以短裙竹荪 [Dictyophoraduplicata(Bosc.)Fisch.]和白鬼笔 (PhallusimpudicusL.:Pers)作为鬼笔目 (Phal lales)的代表种 ,将其部分 1 8SrDNA序列与担子菌门 (Basidiomycota)其他科目 1 2个代表种已知的相关序列进行对比分析 ,以接合菌总状毛霉 (MucorracemosusFres.)为外类群构建系统树 ,探讨鬼笔目在系统分类学中的地位及其亲缘关系。结果表明 ,鬼笔目中竹荪属 (Dictyophora)与鬼笔属 (Phallus)的关系最为密切 ;其次它们与笼头菌科 (Clathraceae)的三叉鬼笔属 (Pseudocolus)关系较近 ,这与传统形态学分类系统一致。此外 ,鬼笔目与J櫣ｌｉｃｈ分类系统中的钉菇目 (Gomphales)、高腹菌目 (Gautieriales)、枝瑚菌目 (Ramariales)及鸡油菌目 (Cantharel lales)的关系较其他目更为密切 ,而与牛肝菌目 (Boletales)和腹菌类的马勃目 (Lycoperdales)及硬皮马勃目 (Scle rodermatales)的亲缘关系则相对较远。这一结果支持了Kirk等将钉菇目、高腹菌目和枝瑚菌目划为鬼笔目的分类观点。     

Two noteworthy <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phallus</Emphasis> from southern Brazil

During a survey of gasteroid fungi from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil, two noteworthy species of the genus Phallus were identified: P. duplicatus (new record from Brazil) and P. granulosodenticulatus. The latter is a poorly known species described by Braun in 1932 that was recently recollected, and its taxonomy is discussed based on the examination of fresh and type specimens.     

A novel pollination mode,saprocantharophily, in Duguetia cadaverica (Annonaceae): A stinkhorn (Phallales) flower mimic

Duguetia cadaverica (Annonaceae), a small understory tree of humid primary forest from the Guianas to Pará state, Brazil, unites several unusual blossom and floral characters such as flagelliflory and putrid-smelling flowers, respectively. The few pollination studies conducted in the large genus Duguetia have shown that species are usually cantharophilous, pollinated by either small (mostly Nitidulidae) or large specialized dynastid (Scarabaeidae) beetles. Foul-smelling flowers are a novelty within the genus, and to better understand their significance, we undertook a study of the reproductive biology and flower scent chemistry of D. cadaverica. In a primary forest of French Guiana, we observed and measured morphology and phenology of trees and flowers; additionally, flower pollination chamber temperature was measured and insect visitors to flowers observed. Flower scent was collected in situ and later analyzed in the laboratory by GC–MS. Flowers are visited by small beetles of a single Pycnocnemus species (Nitidulidae), which are the only insects observed to enter the pollination chamber. Moreover, flowers evince a rhythm in sexual stage, scent emission and temperature, which finds correspondence in behavioral characters of the putative nitidulid pollinator, such as timing of entry and exit from the pollination chamber. Floral scent analysis revealed an unusual, previously undescribed combination of chemical odor classes. The earthy, rank flower scent contained 18 compounds, among them fatty acid derivatives, terpenoids and N- and S-bearing compounds. The most abundant volatiles were 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone, and (E)-2-octenol, which are characteristic earthy odors of fungi; additionally, there were sulfides and 4-methylpentanoic acid, which are molecules associated with carcass and cheese odors, respectively.