毛叶香茶菜素的结构订正

我们从安徽省黄山产的大萼香茶菜（Ｒａｂｄｏｓｉａｍａｃｒｏｃａｌｙｘ（Ｄｕｎｎ）Ｈａｒａ）中分得一结晶,其元素分析和１３Ｃ－ＮＭＲ与毛叶香茶菜素［１］完全一致,故推定为毛叶香茶菜素,根据该结晶的元素分析,ＭＳ、ＮＭＲ、ＣＯＳＹ和ＮＯＥＳＹ等光谱数据,其结构应订正为（２）。表１表明：毛叶香茶菜素（２）的分子式由元素分析和高分辨质谱确定为Ｃ２４Ｈ３６Ｏ９,毛叶香茶菜素（１）的分子式由元素分析也应确定为Ｃ２４Ｈ３６Ｏ９。由于赵治清等误将质谱中Ｍ＋－Ｈ２Ｏ碎片离子峰ｍ／ｚ４５０当作分子离子峰（毛叶香茶菜…     

大萼香茶菜辛素的化学结构

大萼香茶菜（Ｒａｂｄｏｓｉａｍａｃｒｏｃａｌｙｘ（Ｄｕｎｎ）Ｈａｒａ）系唇形科（Ｌａｂｉａｔａｅ）香茶菜属植物,民间用于治疗肿瘤等疾病。我们曾报道了它的具有抗菌和细胞毒活性的７个新二萜成分：大萼香茶菜甲素、乙素、丙素、丁素、戊素、己素和庚素［１—５］。进一步研究又分得３个结晶单体。其中,结晶Ⅰ鉴定为新化合物,命名为大萼香茶菜辛素;结晶Ⅱ和Ⅲ鉴定为已知化合物ｏｒｉｄｏｎｉｎ和ｅｎｍｅｎｏｌ。大萼香茶菜辛素（Ⅰ）　Ｃ２２Ｈ３４Ｏ８,ｍｐ２３０℃,［α］２２Ｄ－４１．８（ｃ０．２２,ＭｅＯＨ）。ＩＲ不…     

Mutation in the Drosophila melanogaster adenosine receptor gene selectively decreases the mosaic hyperplastic epithelial outgrowth rates in wts or dco heterozygous flies

Adenosine (Ado) is a ubiquitous metabolite that plays a prominent role as a paracrine homeostatic signal of metabolic imbalance within tissues. It quickly responds to various stress stimuli by adjusting energy metabolism and influencing cell growth and survival. Ado is also released by dead or dying cells and is present at significant concentrations in solid tumors. Ado signaling is mediated by Ado receptors (AdoR) and proteins modulating its concentration, including nucleoside transporters and Ado deaminases. We examined the impact of genetic manipulations of three Drosophila genes involved in Ado signaling on the incidence of somatic mosaic clones formed by the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of tumor suppressor and marker genes. We show here that genetic manipulations with the AdoR, equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 (Ent2), and Ado deaminase growth factor-A (Adgf-A) cause dramatic changes in the frequency of hyperplastic outgrowth clones formed by LOH of the warts (wts) tumor suppressor, while they have almost no effect on control yellow (y) clones. In addition, the effect of AdoR is dose-sensitive and its overexpression leads to the increase in wts hyperplastic epithelial outgrowth rates. Consistently, the frequency of mosaic hyperplastic outgrowth clones generated by the LOH of another tumor suppressor, discs overgrown (dco), belonging to the wts signaling pathway is also dependent on AdoR. Our results provide interesting insight into the maintenance of tissue homeostasis at a cellular level.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11302-014-9435-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Purification and characterization of enterocin FH 99 produced by a faecal isolate <Emphasis Type="Italic">Enterococcus faecium</Emphasis> FH 99

Enterococcus faecium FH 99 was isolated from human faeces and selected because of its broad spectrum of inhibitory activity against several Gram-positive foodborne spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. Ent. faecium FH 99 accumulates enterocin in large number in early stationary phase of the growth. The enterocin FH 99 was stable over a wide pH range (2–10) and recovered activity even after treatment at high temperatures (10 min at 100°C). The enterocin was subjected to different purification techniques viz., gel filteration, cation exchange chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The activity was eluted as one individual active fraction. SDSPAGE revealed a molecular weight of less than 6.5 kDa. Studies carried out to identify the genetic determinants for bacteriocin production showed that this trait may be plasmid encoded as loss in both of the plasmids (size>chromosomal DNA) led to loss in bacteriocin production by Ent. faecium FH 99. Ent. faecium strain FH 99 is a newly discovered high bacteriocin producer with Activity Units 1.8 × 10⁵ AU ml⁻¹ and its characteristics indicate that it may have strong potential for application as a protective agent against pathogens and spoilage bacteria in foods.     

大萼香茶菜乙素和己素的化学结构

从大萼香茶菜［Ｒａｂｄｏｓｉａ ｍ ａｃｒｏｃａｌｙｘ（Ｄｕｎｎ） Ｈａｒａ］叶的乙醇提取物中又分得两种二萜类成分,经ＩＲ、ＭＳ、１ Ｈ－１Ｈ ＣＯＳＹ、１３Ｃ－１ Ｈ ＣＯＳＹ 和ＮＯＥ等光谱分析及衍生物制备,确证其化学结构为新型二萜,分别命名为大萼香茶菜乙素和己素     

Involvement of Enterobacter cloacae in the mortality of the fish, Mugil cephalus

Aims:  To identify the causative agent of the mortality in the fish, Mugil cephalus , in Muttukadu lagoon.
Methods and Results:  An enteric bacterium from the kidneys of moribund fish M. cephalus , was isolated and identified as Enterobacter cloacae (MK). Mugil cephalus was experimentally infected by this isolate and was re-isolated from the kidneys of the moribund fish. Enterobacter cloacae isolates from the lagoon water (MW1, MW2 and reference strain ATCC 13047) and the reference strain were not able to induce similar pathogenesis. The putative factor imparting pathogenicity to the MK isolate was identified as a cationic molecule, which migrated towards the cathode on agarose gel electrophoresis.
Conclusions:  The Ent. cloacae (MK) isolate harbouring a cationic factor was the causative agent for the mortality of M. cephalus , found in Muttukadu lagoon.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  This study reveals that human enteric bacteria MK which is considered as nonpathogenic to fish, may become pathogenic to fish when it harbours this cationic factor. This cationic factor is found to be pathogenic to the fish M. cephalus leading to mortality. It was also found to be pathogenic to mice. Therefore, the shuttling of Ent. cloacae , harbouring cationic factor, between human and fish may be of human health importance.     

Adaptor autoregulation promotes coordinated binding within clathrin coats

Membrane traffic is an essential process that allows protein and lipid exchange between the endocytic, lysosomal, and secretory compartments. Clathrin-mediated traffic between the trans-Golgi network and endosomes mediates responses to the environment through the sorting of biosynthetic and endocytic protein cargo. Traffic through this pathway is initiated by the controlled assembly of a clathrin-adaptor protein coat on the cytosolic surface of the originating organelle. In this process, clathrin is recruited by different adaptor proteins that act as a bridge between clathrin and the transmembrane cargo proteins to be transported. Interactions between adaptors and clathrin and between different types of adaptors lead to the formation of a densely packed protein network within the coat. A key unresolved issue is how the highly complex adaptor-clathrin interaction and adaptor-adaptor interaction landscape lead to the correct spatiotemporal assembly of the clathrin coat. Here we report the discovery of a new autoregulatory motif within the clathrin adaptor Gga2 that drives synergistic binding of Gga2 to clathrin and the adaptor Ent5. This autoregulation influences the temporal and/or spatial location of the Gga2-Ent5 interaction. We propose that this synergistic binding provides built-in regulation to ensure the correct assembly of clathrin coats.     

大萼香茶菜庚素的化学结构

从大萼香茶菜（Ｒａｂｄｏｓｉａ ｍ ａｃｒｏｃａｌｙｘ （Ｄｕｎｎ） Ｈａｒａ）叶的乙醇提取物中又分离到３ 个二萜成分（结晶Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ）,通过ＩＲ、ＭＳ、１Ｈ－１Ｈ ＣＯＳＹ、１３Ｃ－１Ｈ ＣＯＳＹ和ＮＯＥ等光谱分析及衍生物的制备,确定结晶Ⅰ的结构为ｅｎｔ－７β－２０－ｅｐｏｘｙ－６α, ７α,１４α,１５α,１６α－ｐｅｎｔａｈｙｄｒｏｋａｕｒａｎｅ－１７－ａｃ－ｅｔａｔｅ,为新的二萜化合物,命名为大萼香茶菜庚素;结晶Ⅱ和Ⅲ为已知化合物ｒａｂｄｏｐｈｙｌｌｉｎ Ｈ和ｐｏｎｉｃｉｄｉｎ。     

Distinct functional domains of the epsin-related Ent5p,a cargo adaptor for the SNARE Tlg2p in transport between endosomes and Golgi

The epsin-related adaptor proteins Ent3p and Ent5p participate in budding of clathrin coated vesicles in transport between trans-Golgi network and endosomes in yeast. Transport of the arginine permease Can1p was analyzed, which recycles between plasma membrane and endosomes and can be targeted to the vacuole for degradation. ent3∆ cells accumulate Can1p-GFP in endosomes. Can1p-GFP is transported faster to the vacuole upon induction of degradation in ent5∆ cells than in wild type cells. The C-terminal domain of Ent5p was sufficient to restore recycling of the secretory SNARE GFP-Snc1p between plasma membrane and TGN in ent3∆ ent5∆ cells. The SNARE Tlg2p was identified as interaction partner of the Ent5p ENTH domain by in vitro binding assays and the interaction site on Ent5p was mapped. Tlg2p functions in transport from early endosomes to the trans-Golgi network and in homotypic fusion of these organelles. Tlg2p is partially shifted to denser fractions in sucrose density gradients of organelles from ent5∆ cells while distribution of Kex2p is unaffected demonstrating that Ent5p acts as cargo adaptor for Tlg2p in vivo. Taken together we show that Ent3p and Ent5p have different roles in transport and function as cargo adaptors for distinct SNAREs.