宁夏沙区沙拐枣属和柽柳属的引选及抗逆造林

宁夏分布有大面积的流动沙地和盐碱地,因此,引进适生的植物对治沙造林、改善生态环境有重大意义。本文报道沙拐枣属(Calligonum L.)和柽柳属(Tamarix L.)的引选及抗逆性造林技术方面的结果。     

New lipoxygenase-inhibiting constituents from Calligonum polygonoides

Calligonolides A (1) and B (2), two new butanolides, and a new steroidal ester, 3, have been isolated from the whole plant of Calligonum polygonoides, together with four known compounds, tetracosan-4-olide, beta-sitosterol and its glucoside, and ursolic acid. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and mass-spectrometric studies. Compounds 1-3 showed moderate inhibitory potential against lipoxygenase from soybean.     

5种沙拐枣的水分生理特征比较

在野外和室内观测5种沙拐枣的生物生态特征及其水分生理指标。结果表明:白皮沙拐枣和新疆沙拐枣以大蒸腾,较强的持水力,保持较高的束缚水来抵抗干旱;乔木状沙拐枣则以较强持水力,最低限度的蒸腾强度抵抗干旱。综合指标分析表明:白皮沙拐枣和乔木状沙拐枣的耐旱性较强,新疆沙拐枣和红皮沙拐枣次之,小果沙拐枣的耐旱性最弱;抗风蚀能力由强至弱为:红皮沙拐枣>新疆沙拐枣>小果沙拐枣>白皮沙拐枣>乔木状沙拐枣。4h为5种沙拐枣失水的拐点,因此,在进行植苗造林中,最好在起苗后4h内栽植,以提高造林成活率。     

Production of Perennial Vegetation in an Oasis-desert Transition Zone in NW China - Allometric Estimation,and Assessment of Flooding and Use Effects

River oases at the southern fringe of the Taklamakan desert in NW China are surrounded by belts of spontaneous vegetation that protect the oases from sand drift. As an important source of forage, fuel and construction wood, this foreland vegetation is also a component part of the agricultural system of the oases but has been, and still is, destroyed through overuse. Within a broader study that aimed to provide a basis for a sustainable management of this foreland vegetation, biomass and production were studied in four vegetation types dominated either by Alhagi sparsifolia, Calligonum caput-medusae, Populus euphratica, or Tamarix ramosissima that were thought to occur under different regimes of natural flooding in the foreland of Qira (Cele) oasis, Xinjiang, NW China. Shoot biomass components were closely correlated to basal area (Calligonum, Populus, Tamarix) or shrub volume and projection area (Alhagi), enabling non-destructive estimation of stand biomass from shoot diameters or shrub dimensions with sufficient precision using allometric regression equations. Relationships between shoot basal area and biomass of the woody species (Calligonum, Populus and Tamarix) agreed with predictions by a theoretical model of plant vascular systems, suggesting that they are determined by hydraulic and mechanical requirements for shoot architecture. Average aboveground biomass densities of typical stands in late summer were 2.97 Mg/ha in Alhagi, 3.6 Mg/ha in a row plantation and 10.9 Mg/ha in homogenous stands of Calligonum, 22–29 Mg/ha in 22 year-old Populus forests and 1.9–3.1 Mg/ha in Tamarix-dominated vegetation. Annual aboveground production including wood and assimilation organs ranged from 2.11 to 11.3 Mg/ha in plantations of Calligonum, 3.17 to 6.12 Mg/ha in Populus, and 1.55 to 1.74 Mg/ha (based on total ground area) or 3.10 to 7.15 Mg/ha (in homogenous stands) in Tamarix. Production of Alhagi is equal to peak biomass. A thinning treatment simulating use by the local population enhanced productivity of Calligonum, Populus and Tamarix. A complete harvest of Alhagi in late August decreased production in the following year. An artificial flood irrigation treatment did not sufficiently increase soil water content except in the uppermost layer and had no clear beneficial effect on growth of the four species and even a negative effect on Alhagi, which was due to increased competition from annual species. As biomass and production with or without artificial irrigation were much higher than values expected for rain-fed desert vegetation at a mean annual precipitation of 35 mm, it is concluded that the existence of all vegetation types studied is probably based on permanent access to groundwater and that natural floods or precipitation do not contribute to their water supply. The effects of agricultural groundwater use in the oasis on groundwater in the foreland of the oasis need further study. Sustainable use of this productive vegetation is possible but requires proper management.     

昆仑山北坡前山带塔里木沙拐枣对不同海拔生境的生理生态响应

在全面调查昆仑山北坡前山带塔里木沙拐枣(Calligonumroborovskii A.Los.)分布的基础上,设置3个海拔梯度:A1(2190m)、A2(2355m)、A3(2495m),对不同海拔梯度塔里木沙拐枣的生理生态特性进行研究。结果显示:叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和总叶绿素(chl(a+b))含量均随着海拔的上升而增大,高海拔A3与低海拔A1相比,Chla、Chlb和Chl(a+b)含量分别增大了48.30%、40.10%和43.71%,差异均达显著水平(P0.05)。SLA和Nmass随着海拔的升高都增大,A3与A1相比分别增大了33.99%和20.97%,差异达到显著水平(P0.05)。LMA随着海拔升高而减小,A3与A1相比减小了30.15%,差异达到显著水平(P0.05)。丙二醛(MDA)含量和质膜透性(MP)变化较为一致,随着海拔上升而减小,A3与A1相比分别减小了184.06%和58.33%,差异均达显著水平(P0.05),说明在A1受到的伤害更大。类胡萝卜素(Car)、脯氨酸(Pro)和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量随着海拔的上升呈下降趋势,A3与A1相比分别下降了65.88%、290.21%和38.97%,差异均达显著水平(P0.05),说明A1处非酶类保护物质含量最高。酶保护系统中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX),只有CAT活性随海拔上升而升高,其余3种酶的活性均随着海拔的升高而降低,A3与A1相比分别降低了18.75%、122.37%、23.03%%,差异均达到显著水平(P0.05)。与此同时,随着海拔的升高,超氧阴离子自由基(O2-)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量也呈下降趋势,A3与A1相比分别下降了54.48%、9.69%,差异达显著水平(P0.05)。在整个研究区域,AOS维持在低浓度范围,而低浓度AOS正好诱导防御基因表达,及时清除活性氧,另外非酶类保护物质含量的增加也有利于清除细胞内的活性氧,维持细胞膜的稳定性,从而保证塔里木沙拐枣正常的生理功能。     

中国沙拐枣属植物的数值分类研究

选择了中国19种沙拐枣属（CalligonumL.)植物,共测定及引用了35个形态分类指标,应用单因素方差分析（MANOVA）和主成分分析（PCA）,分别对形态因子进行了单元和多元分析。结果表明,所有的种间形态指标均差异显著,冠幅（BC）,木质枝枝节长度（LKWB）,果实直径（DF）,雄蕊长度（SL）,同化枝枝节长度（LKAS）和同化枝化枝角度（ARAS）指标在沙拐枣属植物的数值分类上,具有很强的差异性分析意义。依据平方欧氏距离,应用类平均法（UPGMA）将19种沙拐枣植物聚为5类,系统聚类结论与主成分分析的三维排序结果基本一致,与传统的形态分类结果有一定的差异。     

The Classification and Distribution of the Genus Calligonum L. in China

The genus Calligonum L. includes a total number of 35 species in the world, of which 24 are in China. They are grouped into four sections, of which Sect. Calliphysae (Fisch. et Mey.) Borszcz. is the most primitive and Sect. Medusae Sosk. et Alexender. is the most progressive. The Calligonum L. is an ancient genus in the arid desert flora, and central Asia is the place of its origin. Some species migrated to the Middle Asia and Iran, developing into a second center there. Also, some newly occurred species of the Middle Asia emigrated eastwards to central Asia, so the genus Calligonum L. in China comprises components of both central Asia and the Middle Asia. The genus Calligonum L. is distributed in North Africa, south Europa and Asia, and China is the eastmost part of the distribution range. They grow in Nei Monggol, Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang. There are 12 species in the Zhuengar Basin, covering 50 percent of the total number of species in China, amd thus the genus is the most abundant there.     

盐胁迫对沙拐枣光合生理特性的影响

以采自甘肃民勤一年生的沙拐枣幼苗为试材,对不同NaCl浓度(0、50、100、200、300mmol·L~(-1))处理下沙拐枣光合生理特性进行分析,并对各生理指标与地上生物量进行灰色关联度分析,以探讨荒漠植物沙拐枣的抗盐机理,为沙拐枣的保护及其恢复荒漠生态系统稳定提供理论依据。结果显示:随着NaCl浓度的升高,沙拐枣同化枝内脯氨酸含量逐渐增大,而其可溶性糖含量逐渐减小;在低浓度NaCl(50mmol·L~(-1) NaCl)处理下,同化枝光合参数均增加,且净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)均达到最大值,比对照分别显著增加了33.3%、68.0%、60.8%;与50mmol·L~(-1) NaCl相比,处理浓度超过50mmol·L~(-1) NaCl时,Pn、Gs、Tr均降低;同化枝叶绿素b含量随着NaCl浓度的增加而降低,而叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量均呈先增加后降低的趋势。灰色关联度分析发现,同化枝的Tr、Gs、Ci以及叶绿素b与地上生物量的关联度较大。研究表明,低盐浓度NaCl激活了沙拐枣的某些生理机制,有利于植株的光合作用和生长,而植物在高盐浓度胁迫时能通过调节脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量,减少叶绿素含量、Pn和Tr等维持自身的生长。     

Barks Essential Oil,Secondary Metabolites and Biological Activities of Four Organs of Tunisian Calligonum azel Maire

This study is the first to investigate the chemical composition of barks essential oil (EO), secondary metabolites and biological activities of the MeOH and infusions extracts of seeds, leaves, barks and roots of Calligonum azel Maire (Polygonaceae) harvested from Tunisian desert. The gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) results showed the presence of fifty‐four compounds in barks EO. The major components were: viridiflorol (14.6%), α‐eudesmol (8.65%), trans‐caryophyllene (6.72%), elemol (6.63%), β‐eudesmol (6.21%). The obtained results showed that C. azel is a very rich plant in secondary metabolites. High contents in polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins were observed in both extracts of all studied organs. Significant differences were found between both extracts of the four organs. Thus, polyphenols and tannins were more abundant in leaves infusion extract, while, flavonoids showed a high level in barks extract. The antioxidant activity data demonstrated that all extracts showed strong antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. The MeOH extracts presented potential for antibacterial and antifungal activities against all tested microorganisms. The inhibition zones diameters and minimal inhibitrice concentration values were in the range of 9 – 15 mm and 2.5 – 20 μg/ml, respectively. This study demonstrated that C. azel can be regarded as an excellent plant source for natural antimicrobial agents.     

荒漠植物梭梭和沙拐枣在不同水分条件下的光合作用特征

在我国河西走廊中部沙漠区,选择20年生以上C4荒漠植物梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）和沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）植株,分干旱环境、雨后近地层空气湿润和人工树下挖坑浇水补充土壤水等3种水分条件,比较研究它们的光合作用特征。结果表明,在干旱环境下,梭梭和沙拐枣均表现出不同程度的强光下光合速率（Pn）下降现象,光系统Ⅱ光化学效率（Fv／Fm）明显降低,表现为光抑制。但在雨后空气湿润和人工浇水,使空气湿度和土壤湿度提高的条件下,2种植物的Pn日变化呈单峰型,Fv／Fm日变化小,没有光抑制现象。2种植物的Pn日平均值在雨后空气湿润条件下小于浇水后,浇水后第1天的Pn值明显高于第2天。水分条件改善后,梭梭和沙拐枣光合作用的光补偿点降低,光饱和点升高,光合速率对时间的积分加大。研究得出,水分胁迫导致C4荒漠植物梭梭和沙拐枣出现光抑制,提高空气湿度或者土壤湿度,都能避免光抑制,提高光能利用率。