Occurrence of Fatty Acid Short‐Chain‐Alkyl Esters in Fruits of Celastraceae Plants

Small amounts of a mixture of fatty acid short‐chain‐alkyl esters (FASCAEs) were obtained from the fruits of twelve plant species of Celastraceae family, and in five of them the FASCAEs were present not only in the arils but also in the seeds. These mixtures contained 32 individual FASCAE species, which formed four separate fractions, viz. FA methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and butyl esters (FAMEs, FAEEs, FAIPEs, and FABEs, resp.). The FASCAE acyl components included the residues of 16 individual C₁₄–C₂₄ saturated, mono‐, di‐, and trienoic FAs. Linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids, and, in some cases, also α‐linolenic acid predominated in FAMEs and FAEEs, while myristic acid was predominant in FAIPEs. It can be suggested that, in the fruit arils of some plant species, FAMEs and FAEEs were formed at the expense of a same FA pool characteristic of a given species and were strongly different from FAIPEs and FABEs esters regarding the mechanism of their biosynthesis. However, as a whole, the qualitative and quantitative composition of various FASCAE fractions, as well as their FA composition, varied considerably depending on various factors. Therefore, separate FASCAE fractions seem to be synthesized from different FA pools other than those used for triacylglycerol formation.     

5个不同产地藿香叶片解剖结构与光合特性比较研究

以5个不同产地的藿香为研究对象,通过比较叶片解剖结构、光合特性,为藿香在引进地的栽培技术制定提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)不同产地藿香叶片栅栏组织均由1列长柱形细胞构成,其叶片海绵组织细胞在4~6层之间,并在叶片下表皮有较多的气孔和非腺毛,叶片气孔多为卵圆形;其中,成都藿香气孔密度、直径最大,非腺毛长度最长,且叶绿素含量明显高于其它产地。(2)不同产地藿香的光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP)分别在688.67~1 244.56和19.42~73.62μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)之间,表观量子效率(AQY)则为商丘藿香最高。(3)5个产地的藿香光合日变化曲线均呈双峰型,两个净光合速率(Pn)峰值点均出现在10:00和16:00左右,14:00左右均出现光合午休现象,且均由气孔限制因素导致。研究表明,各产地间藿香叶片解剖结构存在明显差异,并在部分产地中,藿香叶片形态结构与光响应特性存在一定的相关性;成都藿香表现出较强的光环境适应性和光合能力,可作为当地引种优先考虑对象。     

Benzothiadiazole enhances the elicitation of rosmarinic acid production in a suspension culture of Agastache rugosa O. Kuntze

Callus and suspension cultures were established from the leaves of Agastache rugosa. The suspension cell growth was maximum at 15 days after inoculation. The cellular content of rosmarinic acid increased slowly and reached maximum (0.42 mg g^–1 dry wt) during the stationary phase of culture, after 18 days of inoculation. The addition of yeast extract preparation (MW <10000) at 50 g ml^–1 elevated the rosmarinic acid content up to 5.7-fold of that found in non-elicited suspension cells. The elicitation of yeast extract preparation was further 2-fold enhanced by the presence of benzothiadiazole, a synthetic activator of plant systemic acquired resistance, as compared to yeast extract alone. These results showed that benzothiadiazole can be used as a tool for enhancing secondary metabolite accumulation in cell cultures.     

皱胸尖裂姬蜂对机敏异漏斗蛛的拟寄生行为及其发育特征

寄生蜂是蜘蛛的主要天敌类群之一,但寄生于漏斗蛛的寄生蜂种类较少,且缺乏相关寄生蜂的详细研究报道。我们研究了皱胸尖裂姬蜂(Oxyrrhexis rugosus)对机敏异漏斗蛛(Allagelena difficilis)的拟寄生,旨在揭示蜘蛛寄生蜂的拟寄生行为及其发育特征。显微镜下观察了12头机敏异漏斗蛛头胸部背面的皱胸尖裂姬蜂卵,并以均值法统计了皱胸尖裂姬蜂各发育阶段的历期,进一步观察了皱胸尖裂姬蜂寄生机敏异漏斗蛛后对寄主的影响。交配后的雌性皱胸尖裂姬蜂经过寻找、降落、蛰刺蛛体后伺机将卵产在机敏异漏斗蛛的头胸部背面后部;孵化后的皱胸尖裂姬蜂幼虫头部形成一个特殊摄食导管,通过摄食导管获取蛛体的营养;幼虫随着龄期增长,体色由浅变深,历期约10 d;幼虫老熟后在蛛网的漏斗状管道内结茧化蛹,蛹期约为12 d;成体雌、雄蜂寿命约为11 d,皱胸尖裂姬蜂的平均生活史周期约为33 d。皱胸尖裂姬蜂寄生后对寄主蜘蛛的行为和生活状态造成了严重的影响,随着幼虫龄期增长被寄生机敏异漏斗蛛不再进食、蜕皮,活动减少,蛛体逐渐萎缩,直至老熟幼虫离开蛛体时,蜘蛛死亡。该研究不仅增加了漏斗蛛寄生性天敌的已知种类,而且初步了解了以漏斗蛛为寄主的姬蜂的产卵行为、后代的发育特征以及对寄主蜘蛛的影响,这将为研究蜘蛛寄生蜂及其与寄主蜘蛛之间的化学通讯和协同进化提供重要的基础资料。     

Phytotoxic and antimicrobial activities and chemical analysis of leaf essential oil fromAgastache rugosa

Seasonal variations in the chemical composition of leaves fromAgastache rugosa were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Phytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of its essential oil were investigated by characterizing 31 components, primarily methylchavicol (80.24%),dl-limonene (3.50%), linalool (4.23%), 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethylidene)-cyclohexanone (3.84%), and β-caryophyllene (2.39%). The contents of most of these chemical constituents varied significantly (P<0.05) over time, with the highest oil yield being early in the growing season (May). Their phytotoxic effects on the seed germination ofMajorana hortensis, Trifolium repens, Rudbeckia hirta, Chrysanthemum zawadskii var.latilobum, Melissa officinalis,Taraxacum platycarpum, andTagetes patula also were determined. These oils partially or completely inhibited germination, and prevented the growth of radicles and hypocotyls. Results of antimicrobial testing showed that the oils also entirely blocked the growth of four microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus sub.aures, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, andPseudomonas aeruginosa). These inhibitory effects might depend on the activity of methylchavicol, a main compound inA. rugosa.     

Metabolic profiling and antioxidant activity during flower development in Agastache rugosa

Our previous study showed that flowers of Agastache rugosa had higher phenolic levels and higher antibacterial and antioxidant capacity compared to those of the leaves and stems. The aim of this study was to provide information on the variation in primary and secondary metabolites during flower development in A. rugosa by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and assays of total anthocyanin (TAC), flavonoid (TFC), and phenolic content (TPC), as well as gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) analysis. Assays of TPC, TAC, and TFC showed that the floral bud (stage I) contained higher TPC than did the partially open flower (stage II) and fully open flower (stage III). However, the TFC was the highest at stage II, and the highest TAC was observed at stage III. Furthermore, HPLC analysis revealed that the level of total phenylpropanoids, including rosmarinic acid, tilianin, acacetin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, rutin, (-)-epicatechin, quercetin, and kaempferol, was higher in stages I and II, but the concentrations of rutin and rosmarinic acid were highest in stage III. A total of 43 compounds, including amino acids, organic acids, phenolic compounds, sugars, photorespiration-related compounds, and intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, were identified through GC-TOFMS analysis. Of these compounds, most amino acids decreased during flower development. In contrast, the increase in concentrations of glucose and sucrose were observed from stages I to III. In this study, health-beneficial compounds were identified and quantified in flowers of A. rugosa. Accordingly, our results suggests that A. rugosa flowers can potentially be used as biomaterials for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, and related industries.Supplementary informationThe online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1007/s12298-021-00945-z).     

藿香和广藿香挥发油的抗皮肤细菌活性与化学成分的研究

研究了4种来源于植物藿香（Agastacherugosa）和广藿香（Pogostemoncablin）挥发油对16种皮肤细菌的体外抑制作用,发现中国广藿香油的活性最强,它可以完全抑制大部分皮肤细菌的生长繁殖,尤其是与人体腋臭和脚气有关的负责菌,MIC小于400μl/L。同样情况下,藿香油的抗性很弱或无。通过GC—MS分析发现,藿香油的主要成分为薄荷酮类化合物,而广藿香油的主要成分是广藿香醇、异愈创木烯和广藿香烯,挥发油抗细菌活性与其主要成分含量有关。     

一株皱叶南蛇藤内生放线菌的分离、鉴定及活性研究

目的:分离具有抗肿瘤作用与抗菌作用的内生放线菌,并对其进行分子鉴定和系统发育分析.方法:从皱叶南蛇藤中分离内生放线菌,通过滤纸片法和SRB法对其进行抗菌活性和抗肿瘤活性筛选,然后利用菌株形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列分析对活性菌株进行鉴定结果:从皱叶南蛇藤中分离到10株内生放线菌,其中内生放线菌LCB369具有较好的抗菌活性和抗肿瘤活性,该菌对5种致病菌和肝癌细胞株HepG2均有抑制作用.经分子分类学分析鉴定,该菌与Streptomyces microflavus 在同一个分支上,同源性为99%.结论:皱叶南蛇藤内生菌LCB369具有明显抗菌和抗肿瘤作用,经鉴定为链霉菌Streptomyces microflavus.     

中国五种高山锄足蟾的核型、Ag-NORs和C-带的研究

作者用核型、Ag-NORs和C-带,对分布于川、滇两省的二属(齿突蟾、齿蟾)五种(胸腺齿突蟾、圆疣齿突蟾、凉北齿蟾、秉志齿蟾、疣刺齿蟾)锄足蟾作了属间和种间关系的比较分析,并讨论了它们的核型演化机制。结果表明:(1)齿突蟾和齿蟾两属间在核型和带型上都有明显的差异,演化途径主要的可能是含有重复DNA染色体片段的相互易位或臂间倒位;(2)属内不同种之间带型无显著差异,但某些对应染色体对间,其相对长度和臂比值差异明显,十分可能是常染色质片段的易位和臂间倒位所致;(3)凉北齿蟾有染色体数目变异多态现象;(4)五种锄足蟾均未发现异形性染色体。