心理应激对小鼠脂肪组织黄嘌呤氧化酶表达、活性及相关指标的影响*

目的:探讨心理应激对小鼠脂肪组织黄嘌呤氧化酶表达、活性及相关指标的作用。方法:雄性无特定病原体(SPF)级20只昆明小鼠随机分2组(每组10只),即慢性束缚应激(Stress)组和正常对照(Control)组。Stress组小鼠每天在自制式束缚器中限制活动2 h,其余时间两组小鼠在相同环境中自由饮水摄食,实验持续14 d,取血和白色脂肪组织(WAT);观察脂肪组织病理学改变,检测WAT中黄嘌呤氧化酶(XO)和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶4(Nox-4)的蛋白水平,检测WAT组织中XO、Nox-4、超氧化物歧化酶(Mn SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、脂联素(ADPN)、单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)、白介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、胰岛素受体底物1(IRS-1)、葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT-4)、组织因子(TF)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物1(PAI-1)的mRNA表达,检测血清和WAT组织中XO酶活性以及血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(T-Cho)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、尿酸(UA)的含量。结果:与control组比较,stress小鼠腹股沟WAT组织中XO免疫染色阳性着色细胞黄褐色沉淀深且丰富,WAT中出现大量的单核细胞、中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞及浆细胞浸润反应和炎症性的改变;血清XO浓度、WAT组织中XO mRNA水平和XO的酶活性显著升高(P＜0.01),血清游离脂肪酸(FFA)和尿酸(UA)的含量显著增高(P＜0.01),WAT组织中Nox-4蛋白、MCP-1、IL-6、TNF-α、TF、PAI-1mRNA的表达水平显著增高(P＜0.01),而Mn-SOD、GSH-Px、CAT、ADPN、IRS-1和GLUT-4的mRNA水平则显著降低(P＜0.01)。结论:心理应激可诱发脂肪XO过量表达及其活性增高,进而引起脂肪炎症、糖代谢及凝血酶原异常等反应。     

中国新记录——毛齿藓短蒴变种(新拟)

该研究首次报道了毛齿藓短蒴变种(新拟)在中国的分布和毛齿藓属在新疆的分布。研究表明：(1)毛齿藓短蒴变种的主要识别特征为：叶基部鞘状,突然狭窄成线状披针形,背仰,叶缘平展,中肋充满叶上部,背面粗糙,远轴面有厚壁细胞束分化,叶细胞长方形至短长方形;有假根生芽胞;孢蒴椭球形,稍弓形弯曲,蒴齿线状披针形,二裂至近基部。(2)毛齿藓属的3个分类单位在中国均有分布,毛齿藓短蒴变种以较短的孢蒴和蒴柄区别于原变种,以有根生芽胞、叶基部呈明显鞘状、叶缘平展区别于云南毛齿藓的无假根生芽胞、叶基部略呈鞘状、叶缘背卷。(3)在牛毛藓科中有许多类群与毛齿藓短蒴变种形态相似,但仅有毛齿藓属的叶在横切面上主细胞的远轴面有厚壁细胞束,而其他类群的叶在横切上主细胞的近轴面和远轴面均有厚壁细胞束。该变种的叶背仰不同于牛毛藓科其他属的叶直立;以具鞘部的叶、表面光滑的孢蒴、内弯的蒴齿区别于无鞘部的叶、表面有纵沟槽的孢蒴、直立的蒴齿的牛毛藓属。(4)该变种属北极 高山分布类型,表现出了明显的欧洲 亚洲 北美洲间断分布模式,可作为研究气候变化、海陆变迁的重要材料。     

利用自动照相术获得天山雪豹拍摄率与个体数量

采用红外线自动照相机记录雪豹的活动和个体数量,这在国内尚属首次。野外调查开始于2005年10月18日,至12月27日结束。累计野外工作71d,共布设36台红外照相机,约2094个照相日,50256h,收回胶卷71个。在新疆天山托木尔峰自然保护区内5个峡谷的16个地点成功拍摄到清晰雪豹照片约32张,平均拍摄率或“捕获率”达1.53%。根据照片个体斑纹分析和“雪后痕迹调查”(SignSurveyAfterSnowing)的信息,确定在250km2范围内有5-8只雪豹活动,个体的日活动距离3-10km/d,其最低分布密度为2.0-3.2只/100km2。还拍摄到其它野生动物照片22张,如北山羊、野猪、草兔、石鸡、赤狐等。另外,还调查样线20条,搜集粪样和毛发样品计31个。     

‘火州黑玉’葡萄杂交后代果实性状遗传倾向分析

为了探索‘火州黑玉’葡萄果实性状遗传规律,2013~2014年,对‘火州黑玉’为母本的3个组合198个杂交后代的果实性状(包括核性、果色、香味、质地、可溶性固形物含量、果粒重和果粒形状)进行了分析研究。结果表明:后代中胚败育型株系占77.3%,有香味株系仅1个;杂交后代的果色、质地、可溶性固形物含量、果粒重、果形指数呈现数量遗传性状且连续广泛分离;果粒表现无核、深果色、脆肉、小粒、圆形等性状具有遗传倾向;可溶性固形物含量遗传较复杂。研究认为,‘火州黑玉’葡萄能将无核、深果色、脆质地、圆果形等性状以很强优势传递给F1代,但很难出现有香味株系;果粒呈变小趋势,但存在有选择大果型株系的潜力。     

新疆裂叶苔科11种植物孢子、弹丝和油体的形态观察

为了完善有关裂叶苔科植物孢子、弹丝和油体的研究,为该科植物的分类提供详细的资料,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察裂叶苔科（Lophoziaceae）11种植物的孢子、弹丝和油体的形态特征,其中有6种具备了孢子和弹丝的形态特征,9种具备了油体的形态特征。结果表明：①裂叶苔科的6种植物的孢子为球形、近球形和椭圆形;颜色为褐色、红褐色和黄褐色;直径在10~16 μm,属于小型孢子（MI）;近极面向内凹,纹饰为疣状、棍棒状、刺状、颗粒状和短棒状。②弹丝均为紧密双螺旋状,两端圆钝,表面平滑或具稀的颗粒2种。③裂叶苔科的9种植物的油体形状为球形、椭圆形、球形或卵形,直径在3~10 μm。本研究对这11种植物的孢子、弹丝和油体进行了详细的描述并附图示,为裂叶苔科植物的系统分类、演化研究提供基础资料。     

Regulation of plasma cholesterol esterification by sphingomyelin: effect of physiological variations of plasma sphingomyelin on lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity

Although sphingomyelin (SM) is the most abundant phospholipid in the plasma, next to phosphatidylcholine (PC), its physiological function in plasma is unclear. Here we employed plasma from various genetic models of mice which naturally differ in their plasma SM/PC ratios, to study the role of SM as a modulator of LCAT, the enzyme responsible for HDL maturation and the synthesis of cholesteryl esters (CE) in normal plasma. Serine palmitoyltransferase deficient mice, and SM synthase deficient mice, both of which have below normal SM/PC ratios, showed significantly elevated LCAT activities when assayed with the endogenous substrates. On the other hand, LDL receptor knockout mice, and apo E knockout mice, both of which have high SM/PC ratios, had markedly reduced (-80%) LCAT activities. The LCAT levels in plasma, as assayed with an exogenous substrate, were similar in all groups, except for a 45% decrease in apo E knockout mice. Plasma samples with high SM/PC ratios had lower percentage of 20:4, 22:5, and 22:6 CE all of which are formed by LCAT, and a higher percentage of the atherogenic 18:1 CE which is mainly derived from the action of liver ACAT, showing that in vivo, the contribution of LCAT to plasma CE is reduced while that of liver ACAT is increased. These results show that SM is a physiological modulator of LCAT activity as well as plasma CE composition, and this may contribute to the previously reported pro-atherogenic effect of high plasma SM levels.     

咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）与小气道功能相关性分析

目的:探讨咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)患者小气道功能检查对其诊断,治疗的意义。方法:对254例以慢性咳嗽为主的患者行肺功能检查并行支气管激发试验,回顾性分析小气道病变及气道高反应性检查结果与咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)的相关性。结果:有小气道功能障碍者接受吸入乙酰甲胆碱激发试验,气道反应性明显增高。有小气道功能障碍确诊咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)组起始阻力、反应阈值及阻力上升度与非哮喘组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:检查小气道功能障碍有助于哮喘的诊断,治疗及预后随访。     

Incorporation profiles of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in cell membranes and their positional distribution in phospholipids

Although the conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) have several isomer-specific biological effects including anti-carcinogenic and anti-adipogenic effects, their mechanisms of action remain unclear. To determine their potential effects on membrane structure and function, we studied the incorporation profiles of four CLA isomers (trans-10 cis-12 (A), trans-9 trans-11 (B), cis-9 trans-11 (C), and cis-9 cis-11 (D)) in CHO and HepG2 cells. All four isomers were incorporated into cellular lipids as efficiently as linoleic acid (LA), with the majority of the incorporated CLA present in membrane rafts. Of the four isomers, only CLA-A increased the cholesterol content of the raft fraction. Over 50% of the incorporated CLAs were recovered in phosphatidylcholine of CHO cells, but in HepG2 the neutral lipids contained the majority of CLA. The desaturation index (18:1/18:0 and 16:1/16:0) was reduced by CLA-A, but increased by CLA-B, the effects being apparent mostly in raft lipids. The Δ? desaturase activity was inhibited by CLAs A and C. Unlike LA, which was mostly found in the sn-2 position of phospholipids, most CLAs were also incorporated significantly into the sn-1 position in both cell types. These studies show that the incorporation profiles of CLA isomers differ significantly from that of LA, and this could lead to alterations in membrane function, especially in the raft-associated proteins.