Control of the growth of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in industrialized orange juice using rosemary essential oil and nisin

The use of rosemary essential oil (RO) and its combination with nisin (RO+N) in preventing the multiplication of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in orange juice was evaluated. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) for RO were both 125 μg ml⁻¹ while RO+N displayed a synergistic effect. The use of RO and RO+N at concentrations of 1, 4 and 8× MIC in orange juice for 96 h was evaluated in terms of their sporicidal effectiveness. With regard to the action against A. acidoterrestris spores, RO at 8× MIC was sporostatic, whereas RO+N at 1× MIC was sporicidal. Morphological changes in the structure of the micro-organism after treatment were also observed by microscopy. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis showed that most cells were damaged or killed after treatment. In general, the antioxidant activity after addition of RO+N decreased with time. The results demonstrate that using the combination of RO and nisin can prevent the A. acidoterrestris growth in orange juice.     

Purification and Some Properties of Nucleases from Shii-take,Lentinus edodes

Three kinds of nuclease preparations, each of which having both endonuclease activity that formed 5′-mononucleotides and 3′-nucleotidase activity, were separated and partially purified from Shii-take, Lentinus edodes. Both enzyme activities of each preparation showed a similar thermostability and electrophoretic mobility on Polyacrylamide gel, and a competitive relationship was observed between RNA and 3′-AMP in their enzyme reactions. From these results, it is concluded that both enzyme activities of these three preparations reside in a single protein, respectively. They resemble one another in substrate specificity, cleavage pattern of RNA and thermostability, but are distinguishable from one another by molecular weight, electrophoretic mobility and optimum pH for degradation of RNA.     

Tertiary and quaternary structures of photoreactive Fe-type nitrile hydratase from Rhodococcus sp. N-771: roles of hydration water molecules in stabilizing the structures and the structural origin of the substrate specificity of the enzyme.

The crystal structure analysis of the Fe-type nitrile hydratase from Rhodococcus sp. N-771 revealed the unique structure of the enzyme composed of the alpha- and beta-subunits and the unprecedented structure of the non-heme iron active center [Nagashima, S., et al. (1998) Nat. Struct. Biol. 5, 347-351]. A number of hydration water molecules were identified both in the interior and at the exterior of the enzyme. The study presented here investigated the roles of the hydration water molecules in stabilizing the tertiary and the quaternary structures of the enzyme, based on the crystal structure and the results from a laser light scattering experiment for the enzyme in solution. Seventy-six hydration water molecules between the two subunits significantly contribute to the alphabeta heterodimer formation by making up the surface shape, forming extensive networks of hydrogen bonds, and moderating the surface charge of the beta-subunit. In particular, 20 hydration water molecules form the extensive networks of hydrogen bonds stabilizing the unique structure of the active center. The amino acid residues hydrogen-bonded to those hydration water molecules are highly conserved among all known nitrile hydratases and even in the homologous enzyme, thiocyanate hydrolase, suggesting the structural conservation of the water molecules in the NHase family. The crystallographic asymmetric unit contained two heterodimers connected by 50 hydration water molecules. The heterotetramer formation in crystallization was clearly explained by the concentration-dependent aggregation state of NHase found in the light scattering measurement. The measurement proved that the dimer-tetramer equilibrium shifted toward the heterotetramer dominant state in the concentration range of 10(-2)-1.0 mg/mL. In the tetramer dominant state, 50 water molecules likely glue the two heterodimers together as observed in the crystal structure. Because NHase exhibits a high abundance in bacterial cells, the result suggests that the heterotetramer is physiologically relevant. In addition, it was revealed that the substrate specificity of this enzyme, recognizing small aliphatic substrates rather than aromatic ones, came from the narrowness of the entrance channel from the bulk solvent to the active center. This finding may give a clue for changing the substrate specificity of the enzyme. Under the crystallization condition described here, one 1,4-dioxane molecule plugged the channel. Through spectroscopic and crystallographic experiments, we found that the molecule prevented the dissociation of the endogenous NO molecule from the active center even when the crystal was exposed to light.     

Evolutionarily Conserved Interaction between the Phosphoproteins and X Proteins of Bornaviruses from Different Vertebrate Species

Bornavirus, a non-segmented, negative-strand RNA viruses, is currently classified into several genetically distinct genotypes, such as Borna disease virus (BDV) and avian bornaviruses (ABVs). Recent studies revealed that bornavirus genotypes show unique sequence variability in the putative 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) of X/P mRNA, a bicistronic mRNA for the X protein and phosphoprotein (P). In this study, to understand the evolutionary relationship among the bornavirus genotypes, we investigated the functional interaction between the X and P proteins of four bornavirus genotypes, BDV, ABV genotype 4 and 5 and reptile bornavirus (RBV), the putative 5′ UTRs of which exhibit variation in the length. Immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation analyses using mammalian and avian cell lines revealed that the X proteins of bornaviruses conserve the ability to facilitate the export of P from the nucleus to the cytoplasm via interaction with P. Furthermore, we showed that inter-genotypic interactions may occur between X and P among the genotypes, except for X of RBV. In addition, a BDV minireplicon assay demonstrated that the X and P proteins of ABVs, but not RBV, can affect the polymerase activity of BDV. This study demonstrates that bornaviruses may have conserved the fundamental function of a regulatory protein during their evolution, whereas RBV has evolved distinctly from the other bornavirus genotypes.     

Development of chicken antibodies toward the human thyrotropin receptor peptides and their bioactivities.

We have synthesized four peptides (P2, P4, E3 and P1) corresponding to different segments of human thyrotropin (TSH) receptor. We have obtained antibodies by immunizing them to chickens, and antibodies are evaluated for their thyroid stimulating antibody (TSAb), thyroid stimulation blocking antibody (TSBAb) and TSH-binding inhibitor immunoglobulin (TBII) activities. None of the antibodies had TSAb activity. Antibodies against human TSH receptor specific region such as P2 and P4 (P2: No. 372-397, P4: No. 341-358) had TSBAb and TBII activities. Anti-E3 antibody (E3: the third putative extracellular loop, No. 649-661) had only TSBAb activity. Anti-P1 antibody (P1: high homology with pig LH/CG receptor, No. 398-417), however, had none. These results suggest that anti-TSH receptor antibodies to different antigenic epitopes show heterogeneity in their biological activities.     

MDBK nuclear factor-binding site of various serotypes of adenovirus DNA

A fraction with the ability to bind the terminal fragment of equine adenovirus (EAd) DNA was prepared from MDBK cell nuclei. The fraction (MDBK nuclear factor) bound to the terminal fragment of all human and animal adenovirus DNAs examined except avian adenovirus EDS-76. However, the terminal fragments of two animal adenoviruses, EAd and bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAd3), showed higher affinity for the nuclear factor than the others. The MDBK nuclear factor-binding site determined by footprinting analysis was the sequence located between nucleotides 22 and 46 in EAd, between 36 and 53 in canine adenovirus type 2, and between 20 and 46 in BAd3, counting from the terminus. The respective binding site contained a sequence resembling the consensus sequence. The binding site of Ad4 DNA was not within the inverted terminal repetition, but was located at least 550 base pairs apart from the terminus.     

Interleukin 1-like factors can accumulate 5-hydroxytryptamine in the liver of mice and can induce hypoglycaemia

After the injection into mice of culture medium of P388D1 cells, a murine macrophage cell line, 5-hydroxytryptamine accumulated in the liver and blood glucose declined. The factors capable of inducing these responses were purified by gel filtration and chromatofocusing. With these procedures, the activity to induce the increase in 5-hydroxytryptamine in the liver accompanied the activity to induce hypoglycaemia. Moreover, through the purification, the factors were found in the fraction of interleukin 1, a lymphocyte-activating factor. These results suggest that the factors capable of inducing the increase in 5-hydroxytryptamine and hypoglycaemia are likely to be interleukin 1 molecules or molecules closely related to interleukin 1. The present and previous findings together with those in the literature support the idea that the increase in 5-hydroxytryptamine in the liver might be a cause of hypoglycaemia. These findings may provide new and important information about the roles of macrophages in inflammation or in immune responses.     

Effect of Clostridium perfringens Beta Toxin on Blood Pressure of Rats

Guanethidine treatment or adrenal medullectomy significantly inhibited the elevation in blood pressure induced by Clostridium perfringens beta toxin, and the combination of the two drastically reduced the pressure rise, to less than 19% of that in control rats. When rats were pretreated with tetrodotoxin or hexamethonium, the toxin-evoked rise was significantly inhibited. Elevation in blood pressure induced by the toxin in spinal rats tended to be less than that in control rats. When investigated by a microscopical technique, arteriolar constriction in the mesenteric vasculature was observed after the blood pressure elevation induced by the toxin reached a maximum. Blood flow in the skin decreased with an increase in blood pressure following intravenous injection of the toxin. It is concluded that beta toxin acts on the autonomic nervous system and produces arterial constriction.     

Additive effects of IL-1 and TNF on induction of prostacyclin synthesis in human vascular endothelial cells

The effect of interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on the induction of prostacyclin (PGI2) synthesis in human vascular endothelial cells (EC) was investigated. Both IL-1 and TNF increased PGI2 production by EC in both a time- and dose-dependent manner, and a combination of the two cytokines additively enhanced PGI2 production. Metabolic inhibitors including indomethacin and cycloheximide abolished cytokine induced PGI2 synthesis. Since, the effect of TNF was not inhibited by neutralization with antibody to IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta, it seems that the mechanism is not mediated by endogenous IL-1 induced by TNF.