Reassessing Neotropical angiosperm distribution patterns based on monographic data: a geometric interpolation approach

Monographic data rely on specimens deposited in herbaria and museums, which have been thoroughly revised by experts. However, monographic data have been rarely used to map species richness at large scale, mainly because of the difficulties caused by spatially heterogeneous sampling effort. In this paper we estimate patterns of species richness and narrow endemism, based on monographic data of 4,055 Neotropical angiosperm species. We propose a geometric interpolation method to derive species ranges at a 1° grid resolution. To this we apply an inverse distance-weighted summation scheme to derive maps of species richness and endemism. In the latter we also adjust for heterogeneous sampling effort. Finally, we test the robustness of the interpolated species ranges and derived species richness by applying the same method but using a leave-one-out-cross-validation (LOOCV). The derived map shows four distinct regions of elevated species richness: (1) Central America, (2) the Northern Andes, (3) Amazonia and (4) the Brazilian Atlantic coast (‘Mata Atlantica’). The region with the highest estimated species richness is Amazonia, with Central America following closely behind. Centers of narrow endemism are located over the entire Neotropics, several of them coinciding with regions of elevated species richness. Sampling effort has a minor influence on the interpolation of overall species richness, but it substantially influences the estimation of regions of narrow endemism. Thus, in order to improve maps of narrow endemism and resulting conservation efforts, more collection and identification activity is required.     

Arginase,an s-phase enzyme in a human cell line

Suspension cultures of ‘Chang liver’ cells were synchronized by preincubation in a glutamine-deficient medium or by thymidine blockade. Specific arginase activity varied in the synchronized cultures, being high when the number of S-phase cells was maximal. A relationship between high arginase activity and a high percentage of (S+G₂) cells was also found when unsynchronized cells were separated by velocity sedimentation. The increase in arginase activity near the G₁/S border was totally inhibited in the presence of cycloheximide. The rate of decrease in activity after addition of the drug indicated that the variations in the rate of synthesis of the enzyme, while the rate of degradation was more or less constant, corresponding to 4–6% per h. The role of arginase in cells lacking a urea cycle and the regulation of arginase activity in ‘Chang liver’ cells is discussed.     

Endorphin mediated increase in pain threshold induced by long-lasting exercise in rats

Rats were trained to run spontaneously, without stress, in running wheels. The running activity increased gradually and could reach a plateau of 7 km/night after 3–4 weeks. During the first hour of running in the dark phase the squeak threshold increased significantly and remained high in the morning. The degree of increased threshold was correlated to the amount of running activity. The squeak threshold declined during the following 6 hours of inactivity. A rapid decrease in threshold occurred after naloxone (1–2 mg/kg i.p.). It is suggested that long-lasting muscle exercise (e.g. jogging), acupuncture, and low frequency electrical stimulation of afferent nerve fibres produce discharges in muscle afferents which influence central endorphin mechanics giving analgetic effects.     

Compartmentalisation of nitrogenase in a non-heterocystous cyanobacterium: Trichodesmium contortum

Abstract In Trichodesmium contortum , nitrogenase was detected in only a limited number (about 10%) of microscopically distinguishable, consecutively arranged cells in central regions of the trichomes. Cells with nitrogenase also contained the photosystem II associated pigment phycoerythrin. These cells were not distinguishable from other cells on a structural basis, but were clearly visible at low magnification microscopy as all in the zone were more compact and shorter than those on either side. The compartmentalisation of nitrogenase into a chain of cells and in a possibly photosynthetic environment represents a previously undescribed phenomenon. The nitrogenase containing cells apparently perform the O₂ protective function of heterocysts yet are different in several aspects.     

Identification,purification, and characterization of pathogenesis-related proteins from virus-infected Samsun NN tobacco leaves

Ten pH-3 soluble, low-molecular-weight pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) were found to accumulate in leaves of tobacco cv. Samsun NN reacting hypersensitively to tobacco mosaic virus. Besides the previously characterized PRs 1a, 1b, 1c and 2, these proteins were provisionally designated N, O, P, Q, R, and S in order of decreasing electrophoretic mobility in native polyacrylamide gels. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicated that the PRs consist of single polypeptides, except for R, which is composed of two components with slightly different molecular weights. Estimated molecular weights in SDS-containing gels were: PRs 1a and 1b 17 kD, 1c 16.5 kD, 2 31 kD, N 33 kD, O 35 kD, P 27 kD, Q 28 kD, R 13 and 15 kD, and S 25 kD. However, based on their elution from gel filtration columns and relative moblities in native gels of different acrylamide concentrations, P and Q appeared to have molecular weights similar to those of the PR 1 group. Upon chromatofocusing no additional components were resolved. The PRs were eluted between pH 7 and 4; except for R, their pIs, as judged from isoelectric focusing, appeared to lie in the range from pH 4 to 5.2. In the presence of 6 M urea PR 1a was split into two components, one of which was strongly retarded on gels, as were P and Q. None of the PRs was detected when gels were stained for glycoproteins.By combinations of gel filtration, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and chromatofocusing, PRs 1a, 1b, 1c, 2 and N were purified, their amino acid compositions determined, and antisera raised against each of these components. By Western blotting, antisera against either PR 1a, 1b, or 1c reacted with each of the components of the PR 1 group, as well as with PR S. Similarly, the antisera against either PR 2 or N reacted with both 2 and N, as well as with O and R. On the basis of major similarities in molecular weight characteristics, amino acid compositions, and serological relationships, it is proposed to classify tobacco PRs into five groups: 1: PRs 1a, 1b, and 1c; 2: 2a (formerly 2), 2b (N), and 2c (O); 3: 3a (P), and 3b (Q); 4: 4a and 4b (the two components of R); and 5: PR 5 (S).     

Differentiation-related changes of cytokeratin expression in cultured keratinocytes and in fetal, newborn, and adult epidermis

Cytokeratin expression in differentiating cultured foreskin keratinocytes was studied using chain-specific anti-cytokeratin monoclonal antibodies directed against cytokeratins 4, 8, 10, 13, 18, and 19, respectively. Keratinocytes were cultured at low Ca2+ concentration (0.06 mM) to repress differentiation. At confluency, the cells were switched to high Ca2+ concentration (1.6 mM) to induce differentiation. Cells were harvested 0, 3, 8, 16, 24, 48, and 72 h after the switch. Keratinocytes cultured throughout at high Ca2+ concentration were also harvested. Immunoblots of cytokeratin preparations isolated from these cultures showed that cytokeratins 4, 13, and 19 were not present in nondifferentiating keratinocytes but could be detected from about 16 h after the Ca2+ switch. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on frozen sections of cell sheets incubated with anti-cytokeratin and anti-vimentin. Expression of cytokeratins 4, 13, and 19 was seen in superficial cells. Cytokeratin 10 was locally present in suprabasal and superficial cells. Vimentin was present in 40-70% of the basal cells and in only a few differentiating keratinocytes. Expression of cytokeratins 8 and 18 could not be detected. The same antibodies were also used to stain sections from fetal (15, 20, and 29 weeks), newborn (40 weeks), and mature (5 and 75 years) epidermis. In the 15-week-old epidermis, basal cells were positive for cytokeratins 8 and 19 and locally for cytokeratin 4; intermediate cells expressed cytokeratins 4, 10, 13, and 19; and the periderm contained cytokeratins 4, 8, 13, 18, and 19. In the 20-week-old epidermis, cytokeratin 4 had disappeared from the basal cell layer and cytokeratin 19 was present only locally; in the intermediate cell layer, cytokeratins 4 and 19 had disappeared; and in the periderm, the expression of the cytokeratins studied was the same as that in the 15-week-old epidermis. The basal cells of the 29-week-old fetal epidermis, the newborn epidermis, and the mature epidermis are negative with all antibodies tested, except for some scattered cells in the fetal and newborn skin, presumably Merkel cells, that were positive for cytokeratins 8, 18, and 19. Suprabasal cells in all specimens were positive only for cytokeratin 10. With respect to the cytokeratins studied, our results show that cultured differentiating keratinocytes resemble the suprabasal cells of early fetal epidermis. Basal cells of cultured keratinocytes resemble the basal cells of late fetal, newborn, and adult epidermis and therefore support previous observations.     

Repeated floristical observations on islets in the Aegean

Repeated observations are made on species and numbers of individuals in some islets. The changes after 14 years are reported for 11 islets. They include several extinctions and invasions. Great changes in numbers of individuals were found, especially for many of the annuals, in some of them as great as between 0–10 and over 10 000 individuals. The greatest constancy was found in a few dominant and subdominant perennials.Dedicated to Prof.K. H. Rechinger on the occasion of his 80th birthday.