Modulation of transient type K channel cloned from rat heart.

We have cloned a transient type K channel from rat heart (RH10) and coexpressed a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR5) to study the functional modulation of RH10 coupled to the phosphatidylinositol (PI) hydrolysis. Stimulation of mGluR5 suppressed peak amplitude of RH10 current and affected voltage dependence of activation and inactivation of the channel.     

Fine structure of the dorsal epithelium of the tongue of the freshwater turtle,Geoclemys reevesii (Chelonia,Emydinae)

Scanning electron microscopy shows that lingual papillae occur all over the dorsal surface of the tongue of the freshwater turtle, Geoclemys reevesii. The surface of each papilla is composed of compactly distributed hemispherical bulges, each composed of a single cell. Microvilli are widely distributed over the surface of cells. Histological examination reveals that the connective tissue penetrates deep into the center of papillae and that the epithelium is stratified columnar. Under the transmission electron microscope, the cells of the basal and the deep intermediate layers of the epithelium appear rounded. A large nucleus lies in the central area of each cell. The cytoplasm contains mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. The cell membrane form numerous processes. The shallow intermediate layer contains two types of cell. The cytoplasm of the first has numerous fine granules, in addition to mitochondria, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. The other type of cell contains highly electron-dense granules. The surface layer shows two cell types. One type consists of typical mucous cells. The other type of cell contains fine, electron-lucent granules. The latter cells lie on the free-surface side, covering the mucous cells, and have microvilli on their free surfaces.     

Isolation of thymidine-requiring variants from rat nerve-like cells

Thymidine auxotrophs (B3T) of rat nerve-like cells (B103) were isolated. B103 cells were preincubated in a thymidine medium and mutagenized with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Afterward, cells were incubated in a medium supplemented with dialyzed fetal calf serum and then treated with 5-fluorodeoxyuridine for 24 h. Next, cells were grown in a thymidine medium for twenty days. Thymidine auxothrophs were thus obtained and one clone of them was designated B3T cells. The modal number of chromosomes in B3T cells was 85. Growth tests revealed the following interesting facts: (1) The medium containing pyrazofurin and uridine could not support the growth of B3T cells, but the addition of thymidine to such a medium enabled cells to grow. (2) Even deoxyuridine supported the growth of B3T cells when added to the medium of pyrazofurin and uridine. These findings suggest that the catalytic ability of thymidylate synthetase in B3T cells may have decreased, probably due to the decreased affinity of the enzyme molecules to the substrate (dUMP), and that thymidine kinase activity was high enough to support the growth of B3T cells. B3T cells have maintained the ability to differentiate and extend neurites in response to dibutyryl-cyclic AMP as also demonstrated in wild cells (B103). B3T cells will be available for genetical and molecular biological studies of neuronal cells.     

Carbachol and KCl-induced changes in intracellular free calcium concentration in isolated, fura-2 loaded smooth-muscle cells from the anterior byssus retractor muscle of Mytilus edulis

Intracellular free calcium concentration [( Ca2+]1) was measured in suspensions of fura-2 loaded smooth-muscle cells isolated from the anterior byssus retractor muscle of Mytilus edulis. Successive application of 5mM carbachol (CCh) and 100mM KCl to the cells transiently elevated [Ca2+]1 from the resting value of 124 +/- 4.5nM (mean +/- S.E., n = 14) to 295 +/- 15.3 and 383 +/- 20.5 nM, respectively. The response to CCh was concentration-dependent with an ED50 of 10(-5) M. Under the microscope, 67 +/- 3.0 and 83 +/- 1.3 % of fura-2 loaded cells contracted on the addition of 5mM CCh and 100mM KCl, respectively. In Ca2+ -free sea water, the CCh induced change in [Ca2+]1 was partially suppressed whereas that induced by KCl was completely abolished, suggesting an agonist-evoked release of stored Ca2+.     

Physiological role of peroxisomal beta-oxidation in liver of fasted rats

In the livers of fasted rats, the activity of peroxisomal palmitocyl-CoA oxidation (NADH production) was increased more rapidly and markedly than that of mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase, which is the rate limiting enzyme of mitochondrial beta-oxidation. The peroxisomal oxidizing activity was about twice that of the control throughout the period of fasting (1-7 days). carnitine acetyltransferase activity was increased to a similar extent in both peroxisomes and mitochondria. A possible physiological role of liver peroxisomes may thus be as an effective supply of NADH2, acetyl residues and short and medium-length fatty acyl-CoA in the cells on the enhancement of peroxisomal beta-oxidation of the animals under starvation; these substances thus produced may be transported into the mitochondria as energy sources.     

Effects of hemodynamic edema formation on peripheral vs. central airway mechanics

The mechanisms governing increased central (Rc) and peripheral airway resistance (Rp) during hemodynamic edema formation were studied in anesthetized dogs. Rc and Rp were measured by forced oscillation at 1 Hz by use of a retrograde catheter to partition resistance and a pleural capsule to detect alveolar pressure. After elevation of left atrial pressure to 30 cmH2O by inflation of the left atrial balloon, Rc gradually increased an average of 60% above control in approximately 100 min. Vagotomy had a small influence on the change. On the other hand, Rp with vagus nerves intact increased triphasically: first, it increased transiently by 160% above the control value within 15-20 min before returning to near base line. It then increased gradually for approximately 40 min and finally rose sharply up to five times the control value after approximately 100 min. With vagi cut, the initial phase disappeared, but the second gradual and final rapid phases were not affected. Several sequential mechanisms of increased Rp can be proposed: 1) transient bronchoconstriction mediated by vagal reflex; 2) gradual formation of peribronchial edema; and 3) a sharp increase in airway fluid and formation of bronchial froth. In addition, narrowing of the airways by vascular engorgement may have contributed to the increase of Rp throughout all stages.     

Anti-parasite activity of nucleoside analogues: the metabolism of carbocyclic inosine in promastigotes of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania donovani and its activity against amastigotes of Leishmania donovani in vitro

Carbocyclic inosine is a potent inhibitor for the growth of the promastigote form of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania donovani. In culture, the EC50 values of carbocyclic inosine are 8.3 X 10(-8) and 1.3 X 10(-7) M for the promastigotes of L. tropica and L. donovani, respectively. On the other hand, it is less toxic towards mouse mammary tumor FM3A cells: the EC50 value is 2.7 X 10(-4)M. Carbocyclic inosine is metabolized by Leishmania promastigotes to give carbocyclic adenosine-5'-triphosphate(aristeromycin-5'-triphosphate) and carbocyclic guanosine-5'-triphosphate. This metabolic conversion provides a mechanism for the parasite-selective toxicity of carbocyclic inosine. Carbocyclic inosine was found to be active against L. donovani amastigotes in an in vivo-like cultivation in vitro.     

In Vitro Studies on the Immunological Memory for Antibody Response to Bovine Serum Albumin

Immunological memory for T and B cells was studied in an in vitro culture system with spleen cells from mice primed with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Spleen cells taken from mice immunized at various times previously with a single intravenous injection of alum-precipitated (AP) BSA and bacterial endotoxin (ET) were cultured in Marbrook's system with dinitrophenylated (DNP) BSA as the in vitro antigen. In the cultures of spleen cells obtained from mice primed more than 14 days previously, an IgG-predominant anti-BSA response was generated. However, no anti-BSA response was observed in the culture of spleen cells taken from mice primed 7 days previously (day 7 spleen cells). The failure of day 7 spleen cells to generate an antibody response in vitro was shown to be attributable to both the lack of B memory cells and the effect of “suppressive” macrophages induced by ET. On the other hand, anti-BSA memory in the spleen of mice primed with AP-BSA plus ET and 2 months later challenged with AP-BSA matured within 7 days and declined rather quickly by 30 days after the challenge. The difference in the time course of the generation of memory between the spleen cells from primary and from secondary immunized mice might be attributable to the difference in the maturation of memory B cells, since the time course of the development of memory T cells after the secondary immunization was similar to that observed after primary immunization.