Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Although its pathogenesis is still unclear, increasing evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction induced by environmental toxins, such as mitochondrial complex I inhibitors, plays a significant role in the disease process. The microglia in PD brains are highly activated, and inflammation is also an essential element in PD pathogenesis. However, the means by which these toxins activate microglia is still unclear. In the present study, we found that rotenone, a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, could directly activate microglia via the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, thereby inducing significantly increased expression of inflammatory cytokines. We further observed that rotenone induced caspase-1 activation and mature IL-1β release, both of which are strictly dependent on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The activation of p38 is associated with the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by rotenone. Removal of these ROS abrogated the activation of the microglia. Therefore, our data suggest that the environmental toxin rotenone can directly activate microglia through the p38 MAPK pathway. 相似文献
This study investigated the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of cadmium (Cd) in Hydrilla verticillata and the physiological mechanism underlying H. verticillata responses to Cd stress. Hydrilla verticillata was grown in a hydroponic system and was treated with various Cd concentrations (0, 10, 50, 100, 125, and 150?µM) for 7?days. Cadmium analysis of the leaves at the subcellular level showed that Cd was mainly stored in the soluble fraction (77.98–83.62%) and in smaller quantities in the cell wall fraction (11.99–17.30%) and the cell organelles (4.30–4.88%). The Cd taken up by H. verticillata was in different chemical forms. In the leaves and stems, the Cd was mostly extracted using 1?M NaCl and smaller amounts of Cd were extracted using 2% acetic acid. The malondialdehyde content significantly increased at all Cd concentrations, which indicated oxidative stress. The superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, and catalase activities were enhanced. The proline, ascorbate, and glutathione contents increased at lower Cd concentrations, but decreased consistently as the Cd concentration rose. These results suggest that H. verticillata can be successfully used in the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated water. 相似文献
Necroptosis is a programmed necrosis that is mediated by receptor-interacting protein kinases RIPK1, RIPK3 and the mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein, MLKL. Necroptosis must be strictly regulated to maintain normal tissue homeostasis, and dysregulation of necroptosis leads to the development of various inflammatory, infectious, and degenerative diseases. Ubiquitylation is a widespread post-translational modification that is essential for balancing numerous physiological processes. Over the past decade, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the role of ubiquitylation in regulating necroptosis. Here, we will discuss the regulatory functions of ubiquitylation in necroptosis signaling pathway. An enhanced understanding of the ubiquitylation enzymes and regulatory proteins in necroptotic signaling pathway will be exploited for the development of new therapeutic strategies for necroptosis-related diseases.
This study evaluated the effects of foliar spraying melatonin (MT) on the growth of salt-stressed rice. Seedlings were treated with 50 and 100 mM of NaCl and different concentrations of MT (25, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 μM) for 14 days. Different concentrations of MT could promote plant growth significantly under salt stress, particularly at concentrations of 200, 300, and 400 μM. A concentration of 200 μM MT was considered as optimal and used in a subsequent experiment on biomass, water content, antioxidation, mineral nutrition, salt absorption, and distribution of salt-stressed rice seedlings. Results showed that MT’s promoting effect on plant growth under salt stress was evident with time, particularly under high salt stress. MT improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes, reduced membrane lipid peroxidation, alleviated cell injury in plant leaves, and increased N content and Si accumulation in the leaves and roots under salt stress, particularly under high salinity. This compound also inhibited Na uptake and upward transport, but it promoted or maintained the uptake and upward transport of K and Ca in salt-stressed rice. Thus, MT improved the ion homeostasis of K/Na and Ca/Na in plants, particularly in the leaves. Foliar spraying of MT alleviated salt stress on rice by promoting nutrient accumulation or translocation, improving ion homeostasis, which is evident in the leaves, and consequently enhancing its salt resistance. The antioxidative improvement caused by MT might also be related to the improved ion homeostasis.
Microbial destabilization induced by pathogen infection has severely affected plant quality and output, such as Anoectochilus roxburghii, an economically important herb. Soft rot is the main disease that occurs during A. roxburghii culturing. However, the key members of pathogens and their interplay with non-detrimental microorganisms in diseased plants remain largely unsolved. Here, by utilizing a molecular ecological network approach, the interactions within bacterial communities in endophytic compartments and the surrounding soils during soft rot infection were investigated. Significant differences in bacterial diversity and community composition between healthy and diseased plants were observed, indicating that the endophytic communities were strongly influenced by pathogen invasion. Endophytic stem communities of the diseased plants were primarily derived from roots and the root endophytes were largely derived from rhizosphere soils, which depicts a possible pathogen migration image from soils to roots and finally the stems. Furthermore, interactions among microbial members indicated that pathogen invasion might be aided by positively correlated native microbial members, such as Enterobacter and Microbacterium, who may assist in colonization and multiplication through a mutualistic relationship in roots during the pathogen infection process. Our findings will help open new avenues for developing more accurate strategies for biological control of A. roxburghii bacterial soft rot disease. 相似文献