Intestinal eversion in a pelagic shark evokes chase and bite attempts by large-bodied carangid fish

Journal of Ethology - Expelling indigestible objectives through the cloaca is an important cleansing behaviour for several species of higher vertebrates. Although intestinal eversions are short in...     

Polymersomes as nanoreactors for preparative biocatalytic applications: current challenges and future perspectives

Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering - Polymersomes are hollow, spherical vesicles that are surrounded by a polymer membrane. The applied polymer must be amphiphilic to promote self-assembly in...     

Status of the search for a major genetic locus for affective disorder in the Old Order Amish

Summary We have resumed the search for an autosomal linkage with affective disorder in the Old Order Amish and report the pairwise linkage results after screening 185 marked loci. No positive evidence of genetic linkage was found, and we estimate that roughly 23% of the autosomal genome has been excluded from linkage.     

The ΔF508 mutation in cystic fibrosis patients of Southern Italy

Summary Fifty one independent cystic fibrosis (CF) families originating from a restricted area of Southern Italy (Campania) have been analyzed for KM19 and XV2c haplotypes and the ΔF508 mutation: 54% of the total CF chromosomes show the ΔF508 mutation. No significative correlations were obtained when clinical score, radiological score,Pseudomonas colonization, or clinical symptoms at presentation were matched with the presence or absence of the ΔF508 mutation.     

β-Alanine containing cyclic peptides with predetermined turned structure. V

In the present paper we describe the synthesis, purification, single crystal x-ray analysis, and solution structural characterization by nmr spectroscopy, combined with restrained molecular dynamic simulations, of the cyclic hexapeptide cyclo-(Pro-Phe-β-Ala-Phe-Phe-β-Ala). The peptide was synthesized by classical solution methods and the cyclization of the free hexapeptide was accomplished in good yields in diluted methylenechloride solution using N, N-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁ from methanol/ethyl acetate. The molecule adopts in the solid state a conformation characterized by cis β-Ala⁶-Pro¹ peptide bond. The α-amino acid residues are at the corner positions of turned structures. The Pro¹-Phe² segment is incorporated in a pseudo type I β-turn, while Phe⁴-Phe⁵ is in a typical type I β-turn. Assignment of all ¹H and ¹³C resonances was achieved by homo- and heteronuclear two-dimensional techniques in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solutions. The conformational analysis was based on inter-proton distances derived from rotating frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy spectra and homonuclear coupling constants. Restrained molecular dynamic simulation in vacuo was also performed to built refined molecular models. The molecule is present in DMSO solution as two slowly interconverting conformers, characterized by a cis-tran isomerism around the β-Ala⁶-Pro¹ peptide bond. This work confirms our expectations on the low propensity of β-alanyl residues to be positioned at the corners of turned structure. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.