Resorptions of 10 mineral elements in leaves of desert shrubs and their contrasting responses to aridity

Aims We aim to investigate variations in the resorption efficiencies of 10 mineral nutrients [i.e. nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu)] in leaves of desert shrubs and to explore effects of aridity on resorption efficiency of these nutrients.     

新疆尉犁县荒漠微藻的分离及其生物学特性分析

采用十倍稀释法对新疆尉犁县周边干旱-荒漠土壤进行荒漠微藻的分离纯化,并以18SrDNA作为分子标记进行分子系统学鉴定,对其中5株微藻生物学特性进行观察及生化成分含量的测定,为极端环境微藻资源的开发应用以及进一步探讨塔克拉玛干干旱-荒漠地区地质和生态环境演变史提供参考。结果表明:(1)共分离选出23株微藻,且分别属于绿囊藻属、马尔瓦尼亚属、小球藻属、原生管藻属和衣藻属等5个属,其中属于绿囊藻属的藻种最多(14株),占总分离藻种的60.87%。(2)5株微藻(每个属选1株)的生长曲线均呈典型的"S"形,最适生长温度为25~35℃。(3)成分分析结果显示,除XLD-M-4以外,其他4株微藻(XLD-B-4、XLD-B-6、XLD-B-9和XLDM-5等)的总蛋白含量均高于对照组CC-127,即分别等于CC-127的1.57、2.13、1.07和1.21倍;脂肪酸含量基本以不饱和脂肪酸为主,其中18碳不饱和脂肪酸(亚油酸/异硬脂酸)含量最高达44.88%,其次是16碳饱和脂肪酸(13-甲基正十五烷酸),为37.88%。     

抗重金属土壤微藻F1对Cu~(2+)胁迫的耐受生理机制研究

以从新疆富蕴县金属矿区土壤筛选出的抗重金属微藻F1为材料,测定在不同浓度(0、0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0mmol/L)Cu~(2+)胁迫下F1微藻叶绿素a、可溶性蛋白、MDA和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,以及谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-PX)和谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶(GCL)的活性,同时用红外光谱仪检测细胞壁上参与重金属螯合的官能团,用扫描电镜分析细胞壁上的离子交换情况,探讨F1土壤微藻对Cu~(2+)胁迫的耐受生理机制,为利用微藻生态修复技术去除污染区土壤重金属奠定基础。结果显示:(1)F1土壤微藻对Cu~(2+)具有较强的耐抗性。(2)F1土壤微藻细胞中参与吸附Cu~(2+)的基团分别为-OH、-CH2、-RCONH2和C-OH等。(3)F1土壤微藻在吸附Cu~(2+)的过程中,Cu~(2+)与细胞壁上的Al~(3+)、Fe~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、K~+、Na~+和Zn~(2+)发生了交换。(4)藻细胞中的GSH和GSH-PX在F1土壤微藻耐受Cu~(2+)胁迫时起主要作用。研究认为,F1微藻种对Cu~(2+)的耐受性首先与其细胞壁外表细微结构及其离子交换特性有关,并且细胞壁上-OH、-CH_2、-RCONH_2和C-OH等化学基团起着重要作用,其次细胞内的谷胱甘肽以及谷胱甘肽相关酶类能够有效清除活性氧的过量积累,最终保护细胞免受重金属胁迫损伤。     

Drought effect on plant biomass allocation: A meta‐analysis

Drought is one of the abiotic stresses controlling plant function and ecological stability. In the context of climate change, drought is predicted to occur more frequently in the future. Despite numerous attempts to clarify the overall effects of drought stress on the growth and physiological processes of plants, a comprehensive evaluation on the impacts of drought stress on biomass allocation, especially on reproductive tissues, remains elusive. We conducted a meta‐analysis by synthesizing 164 published studies to elucidate patterns of plant biomass allocation in relation to drought stress. Results showed that drought significantly increased the fraction of root mass but decreased that of stem, leaf, and reproductive mass. Roots of herbaceous plants were more sensitive to drought than woody plants that reduced reproductive allocation more sharply than the former. Relative to herbaceous plants, drought had a more negative impact on leaf mass fraction of woody plants. Among the herbaceous plants, roots of annuals responded to drought stress more strongly than perennial herbs, but their reproductive allocation was less sensitive to drought than the perennial herbs. In addition, cultivated and wild plants seemed to respond to drought stress in a similar way. Drought stress did not change the scaling exponents of the allometric relationship between different plant tissues. These findings suggest that the allometric partitioning theory, rather than the optimal partitioning theory, better explains the drought‐induced changes in biomass allocation strategies.     

A human health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils of Yanqi Basin,Silk Road Economic Belt,China

A total of 195 farmland soil samples were collected in Yanqi Basin, Xinjiang, northwest China, and the concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were analyzed for their concentrations and pollution levels using the Nemerow comprehensive index. The health risk assessment model introduced by USEPA was utilized to evaluate the human health risks of heavy metals. Results indicated that the average concentrations of these seven metals were lower than the allowed soil environmental quality standards of China, while the average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn exceeded the background values of irrigation soils in Xinjiang. The average contamination factor (CF) for Pb indicated the heavy pollution, whereas the CF for Cd, Zn, Ni, Cu and Cr indicated the moderate pollution. The average PLI of heavy metals indicated the low pollution. The non-carcinogenic hazard index were below the threshold values, and the total carcinogenic risks due to As and Cr were within the acceptable range for both children and adults. As and Pb were the main non-carcinogenic factors, while As was the main carcinogenic factor in the study area. Special attentions should be paid to these priority control metals in order to target the lowest threats to human health.     

新疆焉耆盆地辣椒地土壤重金属污染及生态风险预警

从新疆加工辣椒主产地(焉耆盆地)采集105个辣椒地典型土壤样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属元素的含量。采用污染负荷指数(Pollution load index,PLI)、潜在生态风险指数(Potential ecological risk index,RI)和生态风险预警指数(Ecological risk warning index,I_(ER))对辣椒地土壤重金属污染及生态风险进行评价。结果表明:(1)焉耆盆地辣椒地土壤Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn含量的平均值分别超出新疆灌耕土背景值的1.65、1.40、1.32、3.21、6.42倍。辣椒地土壤Pb和Zn呈现重度污染,Cd、Cr和Ni轻度污染,As、Mn和Cu无污染。(2)土壤PLI平均值为1.40,呈现轻度污染。各重金属元素单项生态风险指数从大到小依次为:Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn。土壤RI平均值为18.40,属于轻微生态风险态势,IER平均值为-4.78,属于无警态势;博湖县辣椒地污染水平、潜在生态风险程度与生态风险预警等级最高,焉耆县污染水平、潜在生态风险程度与生态风险预警等级最低。(3)辣椒地土壤As、Cd、Pb与Zn主要受到人类活动的影响,Cr、Cu、Mn和Ni主要受到土壤地球化学作用的控制。Cd是焉耆盆地辣椒地生态风险等级最高的重金属元素,研究区农业生产过程中要防范Cd的污染风险。     

Size- and age-dependent increases in tree stem carbon concentration: implications for forest carbon stock estimations

森林生物量碳库通常由生物量乘以碳转化系数(即碳浓度)计算得到。因此，乔木碳浓度对评估森林碳循环至关重要。由于茎的生物量占整株乔木的比例较高，因此在不同尺度的森林碳库评估中，常以茎碳含量为50%或其他经验值代表整株乔木碳浓度。然而，碳浓度在不同器官间和径级间的变异以及其对森林碳库估算的影响仍不清楚。本研究构建了576条特定年龄和个体大小(胸径和生物量)的全球乔木器官碳浓度数据集，分析了全球乔木不同器官之间碳浓度的相关关系和茎碳浓度随着年龄与个体大小的变异规律。结果表明，乔木不同器官间碳浓度存在显著差异。其次，茎碳浓度与其他器官(除皮和繁殖器官)碳浓度显著相关。随着乔木径级和年龄的增大，茎碳浓度升高，导致茎碳含量和乔木碳含量均增大。因此，将茎的碳浓度直接应用于其他器官和整株乔木均会为森林碳库评估引入系统误差(分别为-8.6%–25.6%和-2.5%−5.9%)。本研究结果表明，森林乔木碳累积与茎碳浓度个体大小和年龄依赖的增加有关，使用特定的乔木器官碳浓度值可以提高森林碳库评估。     

新疆喀纳斯自然保护区藓类植物物种多样性与区系调查

从1995～2009年,作者对新疆喀纳斯自然保护区藓类植物进行了全面的调查、采集、鉴定,分析研究。结果表明,该自然保护区藓类植物共有37科113属253种（含1变种）,优势科主要体现寒、温带地区分布类型,该区藓类植物生境的多样性可以从物种多样性,如曲尾藓科、木灵藓科、泥炭藓科、紫萼藓科、丛藓科等的广泛分布反映出来。通过与该区相邻的6个地区的物种丰富度系数比较,该自然保护区综合系数S i排第三位,说明此区藓类植物物种多样性丰富,这与本区的水分条件有很大关系。藓类植物区系成分以北温带成分为绝对优势,占总种数的83.33%;东亚成分占总种数的5.10%;东亚-北美成分占总种数的4.17%,各区系成分交汇。主成分分析和聚类分析表明,喀纳斯自然保护区藓类植物区系与新疆东部天山、内蒙古大青山、吉林长白山、河北木兰围场藓类植物区系关系较接近,与贵州梵净山、云南鸡足山藓类植物区系关系疏远,体现了我国北方藓类植物分布特征。