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1.
Evolution of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene in anurans: regions of variability and their phylogenetic implications 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fifteen restriction sites were mapped to the 28S ribosomal RNA gene of
individuals representing 54 species of frogs, two species of salamanders, a
caecilian, and a lungfish. Eight of these sites were present in all species
examined, and two were found in all but one species. Alignment of these
conserved restriction sites revealed, among anuran 28S rRNA genes, five
regions of major length variation that correspond to four of 12 previously
identified divergent domains of this gene. One of the divergent domains
(DD8) consists of two regions of length variation separated by a short
segment that is conserved at least throughout tetrapods. Most of the
insertions, deletions, and restriction-site variations identified in the
28S gene will require sequence-level analysis for a detailed reconstruction
of their history. However, an insertion in DD9 that is coextensive with
frogs in the suborder Neobatrachia, a BstEII site that is limited to
representatives of two leptodactylid subfamilies, and a deletion in DD10
that is found only in three ranoid genera are probably synapomorphies.
相似文献
2.
Characterization of cross-bridge elasticity and kinetics of cross-bridge cycling during force development in single smooth muscle cells 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2 下载免费PDF全文
Force development in smooth muscle, as in skeletal muscle, is believed to reflect recruitment of force-generating myosin cross-bridges. However, little is known about the events underlying cross-bridge recruitment as the muscle cell approaches peak isometric force and then enters a period of tension maintenance. In the present studies on single smooth muscle cells isolated from the toad (Bufo marinus) stomach muscularis, active muscle stiffness, calculated from the force response to small sinusoidal length changes (0.5% cell length, 250 Hz), was utilized to estimate the relative number of attached cross-bridges. By comparing stiffness during initial force development to stiffness during force redevelopment immediately after a quick release imposed at peak force, we propose that the instantaneous active stiffness of the cell reflects both a linearly elastic cross-bridge element having 1.5 times the compliance of the cross-bridge in frog skeletal muscle and a series elastic component having an exponential length-force relationship. At the onset of force development, the ratio of stiffness to force was 2.5 times greater than at peak isometric force. These data suggest that, upon activation, cross-bridges attach in at least two states (i.e., low-force-producing and high-force-producing) and redistribute to a steady state distribution at peak isometric force. The possibility that the cross-bridge cycling rate was modulated with time was also investigated by analyzing the time course of tension recovery to small, rapid step length changes (0.5% cell length in 2.5 ms) imposed during initial force development, at peak force, and after 15 s of tension maintenance. The rate of tension recovery slowed continuously throughout force development following activation and slowed further as force was maintained. Our results suggest that the kinetics of force production in smooth muscle may involve a redistribution of cross-bridge populations between two attached states and that the average cycling rate of these cross-bridges becomes slower with time during contraction. 相似文献
3.
Electromyographic (EMG) muscle scanning measures brief samples of integrated muscle action potentials from individual muscles using a hand-held scanner with post-style electrodes. This "scanning" technique is widely used by biofeedback practitioners to quickly assess muscle activity in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal disorders. In an effort to compare muscle scanning with the established technique using attached surface electrodes, ten healthy subjects (25-35 years old) were scanned using 2-second sampling at five bilateral muscle sites while simultaneously monitoring the same sites with surface electrodes. This was repeated using 10-second scanning samplings. Pearson's product-moment correlations between scanning for 2 seconds and prolonged surface recording at all sites were 0.54-0.89. Scanning for 10 seconds improved the correlations to 0.68-0.91. EMG scanning for 2 seconds compares favorably with attached surface electrode recording. Comparisons are further improved by 10-second scans. 相似文献
4.
Excess amino acid polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA: contrasts among genes from Drosophila, mice, and humans 总被引:13,自引:3,他引:10
Recent studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in mammals and
Drosophila have shown an excess of amino acid variation within species
(replacement polymorphism) relative to the number of silent and replacement
differences fixed between species. To examine further this pattern of
nonneutral mtDNA evolution, we present sequence data for the ND3 and ND5
genes from 59 lines of Drosophila melanogaster and 29 lines of D. simulans.
Of interest are the frequency spectra of silent and replacement
polymorphisms, and potential variation among genes and taxa in the
departures from neutral expectations. The Drosophila ND3 and ND5 data show
no significant excess of replacement polymorphism using the
McDonald-Kreitman test. These data are in contrast to significant
departures from neutrality for the ND3 gene in mammals and other genes in
Drosophila mtDNA (cytochrome b and ATPase 6). Pooled across genes, however,
both Drosophila and human mtDNA show very significant excesses of amino
acid polymorphism. Silent polymorphisms at ND5 show a significantly higher
variance in frequency than replacement polymorphisms, and the latter show a
significant skew toward low frequencies (Tajima's D = -1.954). These
patterns are interpreted in light of the nearly neutral theory where mildly
deleterious amino acid haplotypes are observed as ephemeral variants within
species but do not contribute to divergence. The patterns of polymorphism
and divergence at charge-altering amino acid sites are presented for the
Drosophila ND5 gene to examine the evolution of functionally distinct
mutations. Excess charge-altering polymorphism is observed at the carboxyl
terminal and excess charge-altering divergence is detected at the amino
terminal. While the mildly deleterious model fits as a net effect in the
evolution of nonrecombining mitochondrial genomes, these data suggest that
opposing evolutionary pressures may act on different regions of
mitochondrial genes and genomes.
相似文献
5.
DM Woolley 《The Journal of cell biology》1977,75(3):851-865
Motile spermatozoa from the golden hamster have been arrested by rapid freezing and then fixed with glutaraldehyde at low temperature after substitution with ethylene glycol. As far as can be judged, the flagellar waveforms thus stabilized are similar to those seen in living sperm; in contrast, fixation in glutaraldehyde, without prior freezing, induces agonal changes in flagellar conformation. The characteristics waveform after freeze substitution contains three bends. Approx. half of these flagella are entirely planar. The rest are three dimensional, with the third bend displaced in a regular way from the plane containing the proximal two bends. From the geometry of these flagella, it is concluded that the plane of action of a given bending cycle undergoes a clockwise twist (from a forward viewpoint) as the cycle is succeeded by new bending cycles. This "twisted plane" undulation is quite different from helical movement. The twisting seems to occur abruptly, between cycles, as if each bending cycle has a preferred plane of action. The mechanism underlying the twisting is uncertain. However, on the basis of the angular displacements between the preferred planes, and the findings from electron microscopy, the following idea is presented as a working hypothesis: that, if the most proximal plane of bending is topographically determined by peripheral doublet 1, then successive distal planes of action are influenced predominantly by doublets 2, 3, etc., in clockwise sequence. The merits and weaknesses of this hypothesis are discussed. 相似文献
6.
Clément Daboné Ralph Buij Adama Oueda Jacques Boko Adjakpa Wendengoudi Guenda Peter DM Weesie 《Ostrich》2019,90(1):53-61
During the last decades, the critically endangered Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus has strongly declined across its African range. Although direct persecution has been suggested as a major cause of this decline, little is known about the impact of humans on reproductive output in West Africa. We studied the impact of human activities on the reproductive output of Hooded Vultures in the Garango area of Burkina Faso. Twenty and 56 nesting attempts were monitored, respectively, during the breeding season in 2013/14 and 2014/15, to determine reproductive success and identify causes of nest failure. Annual breeding success varied between 0.68 and 0.71 chicks fledged per breeding pair per year and productivity was assessed at 0.57 chicks fledged per territorial pair in 2014/15. The main threats imposed by humans were poaching of eggs, chicks and collection of nest materials, leading to 20% (13 out of 64 breeding attempts) of nest failures over the two years. An additional important reason for nest failure was the pruning and (partial) cutting of nest trees. Despite this high level of human interference, we found that Hooded Vulture nest success increased with proximity to human settlements, probably because breeding vultures benefit from protection by people against persecution and disturbance. 相似文献
7.
Ramirez DM Leppla SH Schneerson R Shiloach J 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2002,28(4):232-238
The protective antigen (PA) is one of the three components of the anthrax toxin. It is a secreted nontoxic protein with a
molecular weight of 83 kDa and is the major component of the currently licensed human vaccine for anthrax. Due to limitations
found in the existing vaccine formulation, it has been proposed that genetically modified PA may be more effective as a vaccine.
The expression and the stability of two recombinant PA (rPA) variants, PA-SNKE-ΔFF-E308D and PA-N657A, were studied. These
proteins were expressed in the nonsporogenic avirulent strain BH445. Initial results indicated that PA-SNKE-ΔFF-E308D, which
lacks two proteolysis-sensitive sites, is more stable than PA-N657A. Process development was conducted to establish an efficient
production and purification process for PA-SNKE-ΔFF-E308D. pH, media composition, growth strategy and protease inhibitors
composition were analyzed. The production process chosen was based on batch growth of B. anthracis using tryptone and yeast extract as the only source of carbon, pH control at 7.5, and antifoam 289. Optimal harvest time
was 14–18 h after inoculation, and EDTA (5 mM) was added upon harvest for proteolysis control. Recovery of the rPA was performed
by expanded-bed adsorption (EBA) on a hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) resin, eliminating the need for centrifugation,
microfiltration and diafiltration. The EBA step was followed by ion exchange and gel filtration. rPA yields before and after
purification were 130 and 90 mg/l, respectively. The purified rPA, without further treatment, treated with small amounts of
formalin or adsorbed on alum, induced, high levels of IgG anti-PA with neutralization activities. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2002) 28, 232–238 DOI: 10.1038/sj/jim/7000239
Received 28 August 2001/ Accepted in revised form 20 December 2001 相似文献
8.
The MUR3 gene of Arabidopsis encodes a xyloglucan galactosyltransferase that is evolutionarily related to animal exostosins 下载免费PDF全文
Madson M Dunand C Li X Verma R Vanzin GF Caplan J Shoue DA Carpita NC Reiter WD 《The Plant cell》2003,15(7):1662-1670
Xyloglucans are the principal glycans that interlace cellulose microfibrils in most flowering plants. The mur3 mutant of Arabidopsis contains a severely altered structure of this polysaccharide because of the absence of a conserved alpha-L-fucosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-galactosyl side chain and excessive galactosylation at an alternative xylose residue. Despite this severe structural alteration, mur3 plants were phenotypically normal and exhibited tensile strength in their inflorescence stems comparable to that of wild-type plants. The MUR3 gene was cloned positionally and shown to encode a xyloglucan galactosyltransferase that acts specifically on the third xylose residue within the XXXG core structure of xyloglucan. MUR3 belongs to a large family of type-II membrane proteins that is evolutionarily conserved among higher plants. The enzyme shows sequence similarities to the glucuronosyltransferase domain of exostosins, a class of animal glycosyltransferases that catalyze the synthesis of heparan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with numerous roles in cell differentiation and development. This finding suggests that components of the plant cell wall and of the animal extracellular matrix are synthesized by evolutionarily related enzymes even though the structures of the corresponding polysaccharides are entirely different from each other. 相似文献
9.
Field SJ Madson N Kerr ML Galbraith KA Kennedy CE Tahiliani M Wilkins A Cantley LC 《Current biology : CB》2005,15(15):1407-1412
Phosphoinositides play important roles in regulating the cytoskeleton and vesicle trafficking, potentially important processes at the cleavage furrow. However, it remains unclear which, if any, of the phosphoinositides play a role during cytokinesis. A systematic analysis to determine if any of the phosphoinositides might be present or of functional importance at the cleavage furrow has not been published. Several studies hint at a possible role for one or more phosphoinositides at the cleavage furrow. The best of these are genetic data identifying mutations in phosphoinositide-modifying enzymes (a PtdIns(4)P-5-kinase in S. pombe and a PI-4-kinase in D. melanogaster) that interfere with cytokinesis. The genetic nature of these experiments leaves questions as to how direct may be their contribution to cytokinesis. Here we show that a single phosphoinositide, PtdIns(4,5)P2, specifically accumulates at the furrow. Interference with PtdIns(4,5)P2 interferes with adhesion of the plasma membrane to the contractile ring at the furrow. Finally, four distinct interventions to specifically interfere with PtdIns(4,5)P2 each impair cytokinesis. We conclude that PtdIns(4,5)P2 is present at the cleavage furrow and is required for normal cytokinesis at least in part because of a role in adhesion between the contractile ring and the plasma membrane. 相似文献
10.
HIV-1 exploits numerous host cellular pathways for productive infection. To identify novel factors involved in HIV-1 replication, HIV-1 integrase and matrix protein complexes were captured at 4 hours post infection for proteomic analysis using an affinity purification system. Leucine-rich PPR-motif containing (LRPPRC) protein, a cellular protein involved in mitochondrial function, cell metabolism, and cell-cycle progression was identified as one of the candidate HIV-1 factors. Co-immunoprecipitation RT-PCR experiments confirmed that LRPPRC associated with HIV-1 nucleic acids during the early steps of virus infection. To establish if LRPPRC was critical for HIV-1 infection, three independent LRPPRC knockdown cell lines were constructed (2.7, 3.6, and 4.1). Subcellular fractionation of these cell lines revealed differential knockdown of LRPPRC in subcellular compartments. LRPPRC was knocked down in the insoluble/cytoskeletal fractions of all three cell lines, but the 3.6 and 4.1 cells also showed a reduction in nuclear LRPPRC. Additionally, several cellular factors were downregulated and/or disrupted by loss of LRPPRC. HIV-1 infection was reduced in all three cell lines, but virus production and RNA encapsidation were unaffected, suggesting that LRPPRC was critical for the afferent stage of virus replication. Two of the three cell lines (3.6, 4.1) were refractory for murine leukemia virus infection, a virus dependent on cellular proliferation for productive infection. Consistent with this, these two cell lines exhibited reduced cellular growth with no loss of cellular viability or change in cell cycle phenotype. The early steps of virus infection were also differentially affected among the cell lines. A reduced level of preintegration complex formation was observed in all three cell lines, but viral DNA nuclear import was reduced only in the 3.6 and 4.1 cells. Combined, these data identify LRPPRC as a HIV-1 factor that is involved in HIV-1 replication through more than one mechanism. 相似文献