基于指标自动筛选的新疆开孔河流域生态健康评价

生态健康评价对了解区域生态健康状况和促进区域可持续发展具有重要意义,如何自动筛选出能反映生态系统特性的重要指标,是生态健康定量评估的关键问题。基于压力-状态-响应(PSR,Press-State-Response)框架和生态等级网络框架(EHN,Ecological Hierarchy Network),通过文献调研和因果分析建立要素层与指标层之间的交叉联系,构建了生态健康评价"网状"指标体系;在保证指标体系完备性基础上,通过结合主成分分析和熵权法的候选指标权重的客观计算,基于目标优化理论构建了评价指标的自动筛选模型,并基于中选指标计算了新疆开孔河流域2001—2017年生态健康指数(EHCI,Ecological Health Comprehensive Indexes),分析其空间分异和时间变化特征。结果表明:利用所建立的评价指标自动筛选模型,开孔河流域生态健康评价指标由31个候选指标自动筛选出了17个中选指标,用54.8%的指标表达了85.98%的信息,中选的17个指标在干旱/半干旱区域有关文献中应用较多,使用频次比例都在20%以上,其中归一化植被指数(NDVI,Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)、年降水量和植被覆盖度(FVC,Fractional Vegetation Coverage)3个指标的使用频次百分比均超过了50%,说明指标自动筛选模型的合理性;开孔河流域空间分布差异显著,总体上西北高、东南低,东南部和中部绿洲区外围生态健康状况较差,西北部河谷地带和中部两大绿洲区生态健康状况较好;17年来,流域生态质量整体趋于改善,显著改善区域占10.26%,远高于显著退化的1.61%,显著改善区域以孔雀河绿洲最为明显。开孔河流域生态健康的总体好转趋势说明区域生态综合治理取得一定成效。     

Integrated species delimitation and conservation implications of an endangered weevil Pachyrhynchus sonani (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Green and Orchid Islands of Taiwan

Oceanic islands are productive habitats for generating new species and high endemism, which is primarily due to their geographical isolation, smaller population sizes and local adaptation. However, the short divergence times and subtle morphological or ecological divergence of insular organisms may obscure species identity, so the cryptic endemism on islands may be underestimated. The endangered weevil Pachyrhynchus sonani Kôno (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae: Pachyrhynchini) is endemic to Green Island and Orchid Island of the Taiwan‐Luzon Archipelago and displays widespread variation in coloration and host range, thus raising questions regarding its species boundaries and degree of cryptic diversity. We tested the species boundaries of P. sonani using an integrated approach that combined morphological (body size and shape, genital shape, coloration and cuticular scale), genetic (four genes and restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing, RAD‐seq) and ecological (host range and distribution) diversity. The results indicated that all the morphological datasets for male P. sonani, except for the colour spectrum, reveal overlapping but statistically significant differences between islands. In contrast, the morphology of the female P. sonani showed minimum divergence between island populations. The populations of P. sonani on the two islands were significantly different in their host ranges, and the genetic clustering and phylogenies of P. sonani established two valid evolutionary species. Integrated species delimitation combining morphological, molecular and ecological characters supported two distinct species of P. sonani from Green Island and Orchid Island. The Green Island population was described as P. jitanasaius sp.n. Chen & Lin, and it is recommended that its threatened conservation status be recognized. Our findings suggest that the inter‐island speciation of endemic organisms inhabiting both islands may be more common than previously thought, and they highlight the possibility that the cryptic diversity of small oceanic islands may still be largely underestimated.     

一种新型免疫层析技术在临床乳腺癌Her-2蛋白定量检测中的应用

建立一种靶点蛋白质快速定量检测方法。在原有侧向流动免疫层析技术的基础上,通过优化层析材料和纳米微球的均一性、改进检测区的检测方法,经逐点扫描技术,建立标准浓度曲线,以达到对临床靶点蛋白质的定量检测。以乳腺癌组织中的Her2表达为例,通过对已知浓度样品的检测,验证本技术方法的准确度大于96%。另外,以蛋白质免疫印迹作为组织中特定蛋白质检测金标准,分析临床肿瘤组织中Her2蛋白的含量,其准确率也达到95.5%,而免疫组织化学方法检测准确率仅为69.58%。新型免疫层析法检测结果与靶向治疗患者的愈后密切相关(P<0.01)。改进后的新型免疫层析方法能够准确地对临床靶点蛋白质进行定量检测,而且结合侧向流动技术的简单、快速和易用性,这种新型检测方法可以广泛应用于临床组织标本、血液标本和体液标本中靶点蛋白质的临场定量检测,在一定程度上可以替代免疫组化技术。     

CH4 emission with differences in atmospheric CO2 enrichment and rice cultivars in a Japanese paddy soil

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate CH₄ emissions from a sandy paddy soil as influenced by rice cultivars and atmospheric CO₂ elevation. The experiment with two CO₂ levels, 370 μL L⁻¹ (ambient) and 570 μL L⁻¹ (elevated), was performed in a climatron, located at the National Institute for Agro‐Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan. Four rice cultivars were tested in this experiment, including IR65598, IR72, Dular and Koshihikari. Tiller number, root length and grain yield were clearly larger under elevated CO₂ than under ambient CO₂. IR72 and Dular showed significantly higher tiller number, root length and grain yield than Koshihikari and IR65598. Average daily CH₄ fluxes under elevated CO₂ were significantly larger by 10.9–23.8% than those under ambient CO₂, and varied with the cultivars in the sequence Dular ≧ IR72>IR65598 ≧ Koshihikari. Dissolved organic C (DOC) content in the soil was obviously higher under elevated CO₂ than under ambient CO₂ and differed among the cultivars, in the sequence IR72>Dular>Koshihikari>IR65598. The differences in average daily CH₄ fluxes between CO₂ levels and among the cultivars were related to different root exudation as DOC content, root length and tiller number. This study indicated that Koshihikari should be a potential cultivar for mitigating CH₄ emission and simultaneously keeping stable grain yield, because this cultivar emitted lowest CH₄ emission and produced medium grain yield.     

利用Ecopath模型评价鲢鳙放养对千岛湖生态系统的影响

“保水渔业”是中国控制"水华"暴发等生态灾变的措施之一，其结果存在较大的不确定性。在浙江省的新安江水库（千岛湖），"保水渔业"的实施带来了水质改善和渔业增产的双重效果。但在生态系统自组织层面，这种人工干预手段引起的生态系统结构化效应的研究，尚未真正展开。基于2008-2010年千岛湖的生态和渔业资源调查数据，应用EwE （V6.6）构建了2010年千岛湖生态系统的Ecopath模型，并将其与2004和2016年的模型进行对照，分析了千岛湖生态系统在鲢、鳙鱼放养下的变化。千岛湖生态系统在3个年份均为4个整合营养级，营养能流分布成典型的金字塔型，且营养流总量中流向碎屑的占比很大，营养级Ⅰ、Ⅱ的能量被利用得不够充分；除鲢、鳙鱼外大部分鱼类的生物量逐渐下降，浮游植物和碎屑的生物量增多；系统的初级生产力和规模得到了一定提升，但总体的能量转换效率有所降低。在一些和系统成熟度、复原力和稳定性密切相关的参数方面，总初级生产量/总呼吸量增加，Finn氏循环指数和Finn氏平均路径长度逐渐降低，3个年份的连接指数（CI）分别为0.223、0.219、0.263，系统杂食指数（SOI）分别为0.087、0.102和0.131。研究分析表明，长期的鲢、鳙鱼放养使千岛湖的食物网结构发生了较大的变动，生态系统的营养交互关系不够复杂，成熟度和稳定性有所下降。千岛湖作为一个由水库发展而来的淡水水体，食物网关系本身就较为简单。因此，未来需要避免过多的人为干扰，并基于生态学原理更系统地进行修复工作。     

长江安庆新洲水域鱼类群落结构及多样性

沙洲水域环境良好,饵料资源丰富,栖息生境多样,为鱼类的生长繁殖提供了优良的生存环境。为了解长江安庆新洲水域鱼类群落结构特征,于2017年4月、7月、10月和12月对安庆江段新洲水域鱼类群落进行季节性调查。共采集鱼类64种,分属5目11科48属,其中62.5%为鲤科鱼类。以物种数和多样性指数分析群落多样性特征,结果表明新洲水域鱼类种类多样性水平较高。单因素方差分析表明,该群落多样性季节差异显著(P0.05),空间差异不明显。新洲水域鱼类群落优势种为鳊(Parabramis pekinensis Basilewsky, 1855)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758)、贝氏■(Hemiculter bleekeri Warpachowsky, 1887)、银鮈(Squalidus argentatus Sauvage et Dabry, 1874)和似鳊(Pseudobrama simoni Bleeker, 1864)。4种摄食功能群中,杂食性(42.19%)和肉食性(35.94%)鱼类物种数比例较高;3种生态类群中,淡水定居性鱼类占绝对优势(84.37%);3种栖息水层类型中,底层鱼类物种数比例较高,占37.50%。大型经济鱼类占总渔获物比例低(0.01%),但个体较大,因而相对重要性指数(IRI)高。总体上,新洲鱼类群落多样性和丰富度指数较高,均匀度指数偏低,个体小型化趋势明显。捕捞强度过大、水利工程建设导致的江湖阻隔及外来物种入侵是新洲水域渔业资源衰退的主要因素。由此,建议持续开展长江渔业资源监测,加强长江干流沙洲水域渔业资源保护。