AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 Are Required for the Subcellular Localization of the SNARE Complex That Mediates the Trafficking of Seed Storage Proteins in Arabidopsis

The SNARE complex composed of VAMP727, SYP22, VTI11 and SYP51 is critical for protein trafficking and PSV biogenesis in Arabidopsis. This SNARE complex directs the fusion between the prevacuolar compartment (PVC) and the vacuole, and thus mediates protein trafficking to the vacuole. In this study, we examined the role of AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 in regulating this SNARE complex and its function in protein trafficking. We found that AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 were required for seed production, protein trafficking and PSV biogenesis. We further found that the nhx5 nhx6 syp22 triple mutant showed severe defects in seedling growth and seed development. The triple mutant had short siliques and reduced seed sets, but larger seeds. In addition, the triple mutant had numerous smaller protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) and accumulated precursors of the seed storage proteins in seeds. The PVC localization of SYP22 and VAMP727 was repressed in nhx5 nhx6, while a significant amount of SYP22 and VAMP727 was trapped in the Golgi or TGN in nhx5 nhx6. AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 were co-localized with SYP22 and VAMP727. Three conserved acidic residues, D164, E188, and D193 in AtNHX5 and D165, E189, and D194 in AtNHX6, were essential for the transport of the storage proteins, indicating the importance of exchange activity in protein transport. AtNHX5 or AtNHX6 did not interact physically with the SNARE complex. Taken together, AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 are required for the PVC localization of the SNARE complex and hence its function in protein transport. AtNHX5 and AtNHX6 may regulate the subcellular localization of the SNARE complex by their transport activity.     

Further characterization of the lipid-depleted bovine rhodopsin obtained by cholate-ammonium sulfate fractionation

The rhodopsin preparation obtained by the method of ammonium sulfate fractionation contained 3–6 mol phospholipid and about 18 mol cholate per mol rhodopsin. The purified rhodopsin had 74% helical structure and showed a visible CD spectrum different from that of rhodopsin in the membrane. The rhodopsin was stable below but denatured gradually above 20°C. The lifetime of metarhodopsin I was long in this preparation. Regeneration capacity was low and only 30% of the original rhodopsin was regenerable by addition of 11-cis-retinal after bleaching.50 mol of phosphatidylcholine were maximally bound to 1 mol rhodopsin when the purified rhodopsin was mixed with phosphatidylcholine in 0.5% cholate. The rhodopsin recombined with lipid had properties similar to those of the original rhodopsin in the membrane. Exchange of cholate for other detergents was easily performed by dialysis. The rhodopsin preparation in which cholate was exchanged for digitonin gave almost the same CD, thermal stability and regenerability as those of a native rhodopsin in the membrane but metarhodopsin I still retained its long lifetime.     

Ibaraki Virus,an Agent of Epizootic Disease of Cattle Resembling Bluetongue

Replication of Ibaraki virus was not inhibited by 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine, indicating that the virus is an RNA virus. The virus was resistant to ether, chloroform and deoxycholate, sensitive to trypsin, very labile at acidic pH but stable at pH 6.4 or higher, and was resistant to repeated freezing and thawing. The virus was readily inactivated at 56 C or higher, was fairly stable at 37 C, and very stable at 4 C, while it rapidly lost infectivity when stored frozen at —20 C. The virus was readily sedimented by centrifugation at 40 000Xg for 60 min. It readily passed through membrane filters of 200 mμ pore size, passed through 100 μfilters but only with some titer loss and did not through 50 mμ filters. In these tests, the bluetongue virus used as a control behaved in the same manner as Ibaraki virus. These findings provide additional evidence for the similarity of Ibaraki virus to bluetongue virus which had been previously demonstrated on the basis of seasonal incidence, symptomatology and pathology of the diseases caused by these viruses and the behavior of the viruses in cell cultures, embryonated eggs and laboratory animals. The present study, however, provided no evidence for any serological relation between these two viruses. More Information is needed to reach a final decision on the classification of Ibaraki virus, particularly regarding the morphology of the virion, the doublestrandedness of the viral RNA and other basic features.     

High-performance anion-exchange chromatography of ultraviolet-absorbing constituents of human urine

A 100-μl urine sample was chromatographed on a column packed with a strongly basic macroreticular anion-exchange resin (Diaion CDR-10, 5– μm diameter with a nominal 35% cross linkage). The elution was performed with a linear acetate gradient from 0 to 6.0 M at an average flow-rate of 0.72 ml/min and at an average pressure of 104 kg/cm². The relative standard deviation of retention times and peak height was ± 4% or less. The properties of the macroreticular anion-exchange resin, the effect of the particle size, the pH of acetate buffers, and the effect of the flow-rate of the eluent on the separation were investigated. Thirty three components of urine were then resolved and named.     

Nitrogen oxide air pollutants interfere with the measurement of nitric oxide using 2,3-diaminonaphthalene: Reduction of background interference

Nitrite, a stable metabolite of nitric oxide (NO), is measured fluorometrically as an indicator of NO production using 2,3-diaminonaphthalene. In cultured cells, it has been believed that a longer period of incubation improves the detection sensitivity because of the accumulation of nitrite formed from NO in culture media. However, here we show that nitrite formed from nitrogen oxide air pollutants accumulates continuously in culture media during the incubation and interferes with the measurement of NO as nitrite. Thus, a proper period of incubation is important to allow maximum nitrite signals from NO with minimum background nitrite from the air.     

Postnatal changes in sublobular distribution of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase in rat liver

Summary Immunohistochemical distribution of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase (NADPH-ferrihaemoprotein reductase; EC 1.6.2.4.) in the liver lobule was examined during development of the rat. From the 19th day of gestation to 4 days after birth, the enzyme was distributed uniformly throughout the lobule. The immunostaining for the enzyme was weak before birth, and became slightly stronger after birth. A slightly uneven distribution of immunoreactivity, stronger in perivenular zones, appeared at 5 days after birth. Then, the staining intensity in perivenular zones became progressively stronger with age, except for a slight increase between 10 and 20 days of age. The intensity in periportal zones also increased gradually, although it remained weaker than that in perivenular zones. Around 30 days of age, the distribution of the immunostaining, stronger in perivenular than in periportal zones, was similar to that seen in the lobules of adult animals. thus, heterogeneity among hepatocytes with respect to the enzyme content is not present in fetal and newborn rats but develops gradually during postnatal development; the postnatal growth of the liver is accompanied by a change in the pattern of the distribution of this enzyme within the lobule.     

Induction of phr gene expression by irradiation of ultraviolet light in Escherichia coli

Summary To measure the degree of phr gene induction by DNA-damaging agents, the promoter region was fused to the coding region of the lacZ gene in plasmid pMC1403. The new plasmids were introduced into Escherichia coli cells having different repair capabilities. More efficient induction of phr gene expression was detected in a uvrA ^– strain as compared with the wild-type strain. In addition, obvious induction was detected in uvrA ^– cells treated by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide and mitomycin C. Nalidixic acid, an inhibitor of DNA gyrase, also induced phr gene expression. In contrast, little induced gene expression was noted in UV-irradiated lexA ^– and recA ^– strains. It is suggested from these results that induction of the phr gene is one of the SOS responses. Possible nucleotide sequences which could be considered to constitute an SOS box were found at the regulator region of the phr gene.Abbreviations phr photoreactivation - UV ultraviolet light - 4NQO 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide - MMC mitomycin C - PRE photoreactivating enzyme - E. coli Escherichia coli