Spatiotemporal Distribution of Black Bear-Human Conflicts in Colorado,USA

Abstract: Management and conservation of large carnivores increasingly includes conflicts with humans. Consequently, a greater understanding of spatiotemporal trends of conflicts is needed to efficiently allocate resources and apply targeted management. Therefore, we examined spatial and temporal distribution of American black bear (Ursus americanus; hereafter, bear)-human conflicts in Colorado, USA, related to 3 conflict types (agriculture operations, human development, and road kills). We used the Getis-Ord G_i* spatial clustering statistic to describe location and assess magnitude of bear-human conflicts in Colorado during 1986–2003 and investigated temporal trends of bear-human conflicts by type. Bear-human conflicts showed distinct spatial clustering by type, and areas of high clustering overlapped conflict types. Clustering for agriculture operations conflicts had the largest overall G_i* value and overlapped counties with high sheep production. Both human development and road-kill conflict clusters were high in areas of high-quality oak (Quercus spp.)—shrub habitat in the central and southern portions of Colorado's Front Range region and near the city of Durango in southwestern Colorado. Bear-human conflicts varied by year and type but overall increased during the 18 years. Summed across years, most conflicts were related to agriculture (32%), followed by road kills (27%) and human development (24%). The greatest proportion of agriculture operations-related conflicts (76%), human development-related conflicts (36%), and road kills (47%) occurred in 1988, 1999, and 2003, respectively. Considering that bear-human conflicts in Colorado increased over time and will likely continue to increase, we suggest wildlife managers improve data collection by obtaining detailed location data, categorizing conflict types uniformly, and applying conflict regulations consistently to strengthen inference of similar analyses. We also suggest that managers target efforts to mitigate damage by focusing on areas with high clustering of conflicts.     

Taphonomy and ichnology of cephalopod shells in a Maastrichtian chalk from Western Australia

The post-mortem history of a prolific Maastrichtian ammonite and nautiloid fauna preserved as phosphatic steinkerns in chalk of the upper Miria Formation of Western Australia is described. Sediment infilling of phragmocones, required for their fossilisation, was accomplished by means of perforations in the shell wall induced by the activity of abundant endoliths. These include borings ascribed to clionid sponges (Entobia), thallophytes, polychaete worms (including Caulostrepis and probable Maeandropolydora), phoronids (Talpina and Gnathichnus) and others of conjectural origin. Sediment infilling by this mechanism is considered to be more applicable to the taphonomy of phragmocones in general than sediment entry through the siphuncle and to be indicative of low sedimentation rates for the hosting strata. Nonheteromorph ammonites, and the nautiloid Cimomia, are preserved almost exclusively as phragmocones in the upper Miria Formation, and are numerically subordinate to the heteromorph Eubaculites which, together with Glyptoxoceras, is preserved predominantly as body chambers. This phragmocone/body chamber preservational contrast is attributed to the influence of shell shape on pre-burial mechanical abrasion. The apparent dominance of Eubaculites is considered to be largely a preservational artifact and ascribed to the ease with which body chambers were infilled, and thereby favoured for steinkern formation, relative to phragmocones. Phragmocones, or parts thereof. not filled with sediment were eliminated from the fossil record by diagenetic aragonite dissolution. Many ammonites with open umbilici have the early whorls missing. This we attribute to the trapping of sediment in the umbilicus prior to burial, preventing endolith attack whereby the early whorls avoided a sediment infilling. However, the protected inner whorls of involute ammonites and Cimomia, which have closed umbilici, and the inner whorls of evolute ammonites where a cemented umbilical plug supported the mouldic cavity left by shell dissolution, were preserved and were commonly infilled with calcite spar later in diagenesis. The dearth of cephalopod fossils in chalk underlying the upper Miria Formation is ascribed to diagenesis in which aragonite dissolution was not preceded by cementation.     

Water and Ionic Fluxes Inside the Egg

The water/water and water/gas interfaces of the developing embryoare described. During incubation three main compartments arepresent the subgerminal amniotic and allantoic fluids. The formationcomposition and regulation of these solutions are consideredas examples of the water/water interfaces. Evaporative waterloss across the eggshell is considered as an example of a water/gasinterface. The effects of this phenomenon are considered ashaving been oversimplified in the past because they ignore phasechanges (condensing of water vapour) and the ability of theembryo to regulate its development according to the suppliesavailable.     

Host gall size and oviposition success by the parasitoid Eurytoma gigantea

Abstract. 1. Eurytoma gigantea Walsh is a specialist parasitoid of the tephritid gallmaker Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch).
2. In the natural environment the incidence of parasitism by Eurytoma is greater in small galls than in large ones.
3. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that small galls are not more frequently discovered; however, oviposition attempts on small galls were more likely to be successful.
4. Eurytoma spends much time probing galls too big to penetrate; this leads to a decrease in foraging efficiency when many large galls are present.
5. The chance of successfully penetrating a gall depends on the thickness of the gall wall and the length of the parasitoid's ovipositor.
6. A simulation model was constructed which shows that a gallmak-er's chance of being parasitized depends on gall size, the number of parasitoids that discover the gall, and their ovipositor lengths.     

Hormonal factors controlling the initiation and development of lateral roots

As the first part of a comprehensive study of the hormonal control of lateral root initiation and development, the effect of surgical treatments such as removal of the root tip, one or more cotyledons, the young epicotyl, or combination of these treatments, on the induction and emergence of lateral roots on the primary root of pea seedlings has been examined. Results show that removal of the root tip leads to a rapid but transitory increase in the number of lateral primordia, the largest number arising in the most apical segment of decapitated roots suggesting the accumulation of acropetally moving promoter substances in this region. The cotyledons appear to be the main source of promoter substances for both the induction and emergence of lateral roots, although one or more promoters also appear to be produced in the epicotyl. The data further indicate that the root tip is possibly the source of a substance which moves basipetally and interacts with acropetally moving promoters to regulate the zone for lateral primordia initiation; the root tip also appears to be the source of a powerful inhibitor of lateral root emergence.     

The metabolic enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi) affects the outcome of intra‐specific competition in a polyembryonic wasp

1. Polyembryonic parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera) have evolved a caste system consisting of morphologically and functionally distinct larvae called soldiers and reproductives. 2. Two selective pressures are thought to underlie the evolution of the soldier caste: defence against competitors and resolution of the sex ratio conflict. Previous studies also indicate that soldier development time strongly affects the outcome of intra‐specific competition in the polyembryonic encyrtid Copidosoma floridanum Ashmead. This study builds on prior findings by showing that alleles of the metabolic enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi) differentially affect soldier development time and the outcome of competition. 3. Soldier larvae with the Pgi alleles 100 or 120 emerged on average 65 h post‐parasitism, whereas soldier larvae with a third allele, 54, emerged at 67 h. In turn, C. floridanum broods homozygous for the 100 and 120 alleles outcompete broods homozygous for the 54 allele. 4. Pgi allelic diversity may be maintained through a life‐history trade‐off affecting female brood sizes with homozygous broods bearing the developmentally disadvantageous 54 allele producing more adult females than broods bearing alternate common alleles.     

A 5.8S nuclear ribosomal RNA gene sequence database: applications to ecology and evolution

We compiled a 5.8S nuclear ribosomal gene sequence database for animals, plants, and fungi using both newly generated and GenBank sequences. We demonstrate the utility of this database as an internal check to determine whether the target organism and not a contaminant has been sequenced, as a diagnostic tool for ecologists and evolutionary biologists to determine the placement of asexual fungi within larger taxonomic groups, and as a tool to help identify fungi that form ectomycorrhizae.