Biomedical implications from a morphoelastic continuum model for the simulation of contracture formation in skin grafts that cover excised burns

A continuum hypothesis-based model is developed for the simulation of the (long term) contraction of skin grafts that cover excised burns in order to obtain suggestions regarding the ideal length of splinting therapy and when to start with this therapy such that the therapy is effective optimally. Tissue is modeled as an isotropic, heterogeneous, morphoelastic solid. With respect to the constituents of the tissue, we selected the following constituents as primary model components: fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, collagen molecules, and a generic signaling molecule. Good agreement is demonstrated with respect to the evolution over time of the surface area of unmeshed skin grafts that cover excised burns between outcomes of computer simulations obtained in this study and scar assessment data gathered previously in a clinical study. Based on the simulation results, we suggest that the optimal point in time to start with splinting therapy is directly after placement of the skin graft on its recipient bed. Furthermore, we suggest that it is desirable to continue with splinting therapy until the concentration of the signaling molecules in the grafted area has become negligible such that the formation of contractures can be prevented. We conclude this study with a presentation of some alternative ideas on how to diminish the degree of contracture formation that are not based on a mechanical intervention, and a discussion about how the presented model can be adjusted.     

Monovalent and divalent cation permeation in acetylcholine receptor channels. Ion transport related to structure

Single channel patch-clamp techniques were used to study nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in cultured rat myotubes. The single channel conductance in pure cesium and sodium levels off at high concentrations, as if a binding site within the channel were saturating. The conductances at very low concentrations, however, are larger than predicted by the simplest one-site transport model fitted to the high-concentration data. At low concentrations, the current-voltage relations are inwardly rectifying, but they become more ohmic if a small amount of divalent cations is added externally. Magnesium and barium are good permeants that have rather high affinities for the channel. Upon adding low millimolar concentrations of these divalent cations externally to a membrane bathed in pure cesium, the inward current carried by cesium is decreased. As more divalent cations are added, the inward-going currents continued to decrease and the divalent cation replaces cesium as the main current carrier. The ion transport data are described by considering the size, shape, and possible net charge of the channel. In that way, even the complex features of transport are explained in a realistic physical framework. The results are consistent with the channel having long, wide, multiply occupied vestibules that serve as transition zones to the short, selective, singly occupied narrow region of the channel. A small amount of net negative charge within the pore could produce concentration-dependent potentials that provide a simple explanation for the more complicated aspects of the permeation properties.     

Maternal effects and generation mean analysis of seed-oil content in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Summary The nature of gene action and of maternal influence governing cottonseed oil attributes were determined with four lines, two each with high and low seed-oil percentage. For this purpose, P1, P2, F0, F1, F2 and alternative sets of BC1 and BC2 generations were analysed in six cross-combinations and their reciprocals. Marginal extents of heterosis for seed-oil percentage were noticeable in F1, with inbreeding depression in F2. Data from reciprocal backcrosses provided evidence in favour of maternal rather than cytoplasmic effects of seed-oil development. Relatively higher extents of heterosis, sizeable inbreeding depression and reciprocally unequal F2 averages were characteristic of the seed index trait, which often showed a reversal of effects from F1 to F2. Reverse reciprocal backcrosses exhibited some differences, including greater resemblance between the types, (A/B)A and (B/A)A, in addition to variable dose effects in seed index. Thus, the differences between F1 seed index values were not due to cytoplasmic influence. Positive heterotic effects for seed-oil index, especially among the backcrosses, ranged between 16.08% and 47.29% over midparent averages. Genetic component estimates from analysis of similar sets of crosses differing only in reciprocal backcrosses, and also from sets of reciprocal crosses between any two parental combinations, were inconsistent. Scaling tests detected presence of epistasis within and between a majority of cross-combinations. Despite reciprocal differences, additive gene effects for seed-oil percentage were significant in 7 out of 24 crosses, representing high x low, low x high and low x low seed-oil parents. Those were, however, accompanied by significant dominance effects of higher order. In crosses involving low seed-oil percentage parents SA1060 and SA229, all six components were detected significant, with opposite effects of dominance and dominance x dominance epistatic components. Significant additive components were also detected for seed index and seed-oil index in 7 and 5 out of 24 crosses, respectively. In the inheritance of seed index and seed-oil index, dominance effects were more important. Epistatic components of additive x additive, and to a lesser extent, those of dominant x dominant were found significant.     

A practical test for in vitro evaluation of photosensitization: Assessment with hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD)

A simple procedure is described for the determination of the photosensitizing potency of drugs, using three leukemic cell lines, two of lymphocytic origin, L1210 and P388 and one of erythroid type, Friend-745. The procedure allows one to investigate several aspects of the photosensitization properties of tested compounds such as cellular localization and direct (trypan blue exclusion) or delayed (clonogenicity) photomediated toxicities.The method was assessed using crude hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) as well as dihematoporphyrin ether (DHE) or commercially available Photofrin II. Results were compared to those obtained with normal cells, e.g spleen lymphocytes and erythropoietic stem cells (CFU-e), and discussed in the light of the relative response of normal versus transformed cells.Abbreviations DHE Dihematoporphyrin Ether - FCS Fetal Calf Serum - HPD Hematoporphyrin Derivative - PDT Photodynamic Therapy     

Differential sensitivity to natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity of two rat colon adenocarcinoma variants differing in their tumorigenicity: identification of the effector cells as natural killer cells

Summary DHD/K12 TRb (PROb) and DHD/K12 TSb (REGb) are two cancer cell variants originating from the same rat colon adenocarcinoma. They differ in their tumorigenicity: when inoculated into syngeneic BDIX rats, PROb cells induce progressive tumors whereas REGb cells induce tumors which always regress. As previously described, there is an inverse relation between their tumorigenicity and their susceptibility to NCMC mediated by syngeneic spleen or peripheral blood lymphocytes: PROb cells are significantly less sensitive to NCMC than REGb cells. This suggests a role for NCMC in the regression of REGb tumors. In this work the BDIX NCMC effector cells active in vitro against REGb cells were identified as NK cells according to four criteria: (1) efficacy in a 4-h ⁵¹Cr release assay, (2) sensitivity to anti-asGM1 antibody plus complement, (3) LGL morphology, and (4) ability to bind with the same affinity REGb and YAC-1 cells. In spleen, these NK cells were heterogeneous with respect to their asGM1 surface density and their morphology. PROb cells were not lysed by these NK cells in a short-term cytotoxicity assay, but only in a 16-h assay. It was shown that PROb and REGb cells were bound with the same affinity by NK cells, thus they certainly differ in their ability to resist to NK lytic mechanisms. This difference could play a role in the different tumorigenicity of the two variants. Abbreviations used: NK, natural killer; NC, natural cytotoxic; NCMC, natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity; asGM1, asialo GM1; LL, large lymphocytes; LGL, large grnular lymphocytes; LAL, large agranular lymphocytes; PBMNC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; E:T, effector to target cell ratio; C:H, cold to hot cell ratio; FBS, fetal bovine serum     

Structure and carcinogenicity of Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole derivatives

The carcinogenicity of several groups of carcinogens is evoked with particular reference to Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole derivatives. The activity of these derivatives is discussed with respect to their species and organ specificity. The enzymatic equipment is decisive as to whether the compounds formed can react with DNA or are simply detoxified and eliminated. All these carcinogens are complete carcinogens, i.e. they have the property of both initiation and promotion.     

Variants of the anti-Müllerian hormone gene in a compound heterozygote with the persistent Müllerian duct syndrome and his family

Summary The human genome contains a large number of interspersed simple repeat sequences that are variable in length and can therefore serve as highly informative, polymorphic markers. Typing procedures include conventional multilocus and single locus probing, and polymerase chain reaction aided analysis. We have identified simple sequences in a cosmid clone stemming from the human Y chromosome and consisting of (gata)_n repeats. We have compared these with two equivalent simple repeat loci from chromosome 12. After amplifying the tandemly repeated motifs, we detected between four and eight different alleles at each of the three loci. Codominant inheritance of the alleles was established in family studies and the informativity of the simple repeat loci was determined by typing unrelated individuals. The polymorphisms are suitable for application in linkage studies, practical forensic case work, deficiency cases in paternity determination, and for studying ethnological questions. The mutational mechanisms that bring about changes in simple repeats located both on the autosomes and on the sex chromosomes, are discussed.Professor Dr. Otto Prokop (Humboldt-Universität Berlin) on the occasion of his 70th birthday     

Somatostatin mydriasis in mice

Administration of somatostatin intracerebroventricularly to mice produced a dose-dependent mydriasis, whereas intravenous injections were ineffective. Naloxone could prevent or abolish this effect. It is suggested that somatostatin either directly excites opiate receptors or activates endopioid pathways involved in the regulation of pupillary size.     

Lyotropic anions. Na channel gating and Ca electrode response

The effects of external anions on gating of Na channels of frog skeletal muscle were studied under voltage clamp. Anions reversibly shift the voltage dependence of peak sodium permeability and of steady state sodium inactivation towards more negative potentials in the sequence: methanesulfonate less than or equal to Cl- less than or equal to acetate less than Br- less than or equal to NO-3 less than or equal to SO2-4 less than benzenesulfonate less than SCN- less than ClO-4; approximately the lyotropic sequence. Voltage shifts are graded with mole fraction in mixtures and are roughly additive to calcium shifts. The peak PNa is not greatly affected. Except for SO2-4, these anions did not change the Ca++ activity of the solutions as measured with the dye murexide. Shifts of gating can be explained as the electrostatic effect of anion adsorption to the Na channel or to nearby lipid. Such adsorption is expected to follow the lyotropic series. Anions also interfere significantly with the response of a Ca-sensitive membrane electrode following the same sequence of effectiveness as the shifts of gating. The lyotropic anions decrease the Ca++ sensitivity and cause anomalously negative responses of the Ca electrode because these anions are somewhat permeant in the hydrophobic detector membrane.     

Analysis of thymic stromal cell subpopulations grown in vitro on extracellular matrix in defined medium. I. Growth conditions and morphology of murine thymic epithelial and mesenchymal cells

We report here the successful selective cultivation of murine thymic mesenchymal reticular cells (MTMC) and murine thymic epithelial cells (MTEC) grown on extracellular matrix in the presence of defined medium. The selective growth of these two cell types was based on 1) conditions of tissue disruption and 2) differential growth requirements. Both cell types were dependent on transferrin, high density lipoproteins, insulin, hydrocortisone, and epidermal growth factor, whereas MTMC was dependent also on selenium and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine. The elimination of single factors or extracellular matrix resulted in specific and different changes in the growth pattern of each cell subpopulation. Cells of both types exhibited the ultrastructural features of high metabolic activity. The epithelial nature of MTEC cultures was defined by bundles of tonofilaments and desmosomes and by positive staining to keratins and negative to vimentin. In addition MTEC were positively stained with mAb to thymic medullary epithelial cells and by Ulex europeus agglutinin, and were able to form Hassall's corpuscles, suggesting their medullary origin. MTEC were also H-2 and Ia positive. In contrast MTMC were positive for vimentin and periodic acid-Schiff, low positive for H-2, and negative for keratin and Ia. Both cells did not contain nonspecific esterase, nor did they phagocytize latex beads. With the use of all these criteria we classified MTEC as epithelial cells from the medullary compartment of the thymus and MTMC as reticular cells of mesenchymal origin.