Suicidal process,suicidal communication and psychosocial situation of young suicide attempters in a rural Vietnamese community

The study aimed to explore the suicidal process, suicidal communication and psychosocial situation of young suicide attempters in a rural community in Hanoi, Vietnam. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, in a community setting, with 19 suicide attempters aged 15-24 who had been consecutively hospitalized in an intensive care unit. In 12 of 19 cases, the first pressing, distinct and constant suicidal thoughts appeared less than one day before the suicide attempt in question. However, distress and mild, fleeting suicidal thoughts had been present up to six months before the suicide attempt in 16 cases. Five respondents had a suicide plan one to three days before attempting suicide. Altogether, 13 engaged in some form of suicidal communication before their attempt. This communication was, however, difficult for outsiders to interpret. Twelve of the respondents were victims of regular physical abuse and 16 had suffered psychological violence for at least one year before attempting suicide. Eighteen of the respondents used pesticides or raticides in their suicide attempts. None sought advice or consultation in the community despite long-standing psychosocial problems. The strategy of reducing the availability of suicide means (e.g., pesticides or raticides) in Asian countries should be complemented with a long-term suicide-preventive strategy that targets school dropouts and domestic violence, and promotes coping abilities and communication about psychological and social problems as well as recognition of signs of distress and suicidal communication.     

代谢、血液碱化和纯氧影响呼吸调控的人体实验研究II： 血液碱化后运动试验*

目的: 在完成吸入室内空气状态下症状限制性最大极限心肺运动试验(CPET)和动脉血气指标动态变化规律的基础上,进一步探讨体液酸碱度和CO₂含量对呼吸调控的影响。方法: 选正常志愿者5名,给予5%NaHCO₃(总量0.3 g/kg)分次口服,每5 min口服75 ml(3.75g )。总量服完1 h后,重复CPET。于静息、热身、运动及恢复期,连续测定肺通气指标及每分钟动脉取样的血气指标变化,并与本人在非碱化血液条件下对照数据进行配对t检验比较。结果: 碱化血液之后,CPET期间随着运动功率逐步递增,气体交换和血气指标的反应模式与非碱化血液对照相似（P>0.05）;即与静息状态比较,每分通气量、潮气量、呼吸频率、VO₂、VCO₂均呈现近于线性渐进性递增(P<0.05~0.001)。与碱化血液前吸入室内空气的对照比较：在碱化血液条件下,所有时间点血红蛋白浓度,PaCO₂与pH均显著提高(P<0.05);除无氧阈PaCO₂减低外,只有热身状态呈增高态势,统计学有显著差异(P<0.05);而PaO₂无差异(P>0.05),各状态均较对照状态减低,除恢复期外均有统计学差异(P<0.05)。与非碱化血液对照比较,除静息每分通气量低于对照(P<0.05）外,所有通气指标均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论: 碱化血液条件下, 尽管有更高的CaCO₂, PaCO₂ 和 pHa平均水平及更低的Hba和[H⁺]a平均水平,机体对CPET的呼吸反应模式基本相似。     

代谢、血液碱化和纯氧影响呼吸调控的人体实验研究III： 血液碱化后纯氧运动试验*

目的: 在急性血液碱化前、后空气吸入下完成症状限制性最大极限心肺运动试验(CPET)的基础上,本文探讨在血液碱化后吸入纯氧对呼吸调控的影响。方法: 正常志愿者5名在碱化血液后呼吸纯氧CPET,在静息、热身、运动及恢复期,连续测定肺通换气指标及每分钟动脉取样的血气指标,对CPET期间的呼吸气体交换和血气指标的动态变化进行分析,同时与急性碱化血液前、后空气CPET数据比较。结果: 碱化血液后吸入纯氧运动呼吸反应与急性碱化血液前、后空气CPET呼吸反应基本一致。CPET期间,各运动状态下的每分通气量均与对照组相似(P>0.05);仅静息每分通气量较血液碱化空气CPET略高(P<0.05),而其它状态和恢复2min时均相近(P>0.05)。潮气量仅峰值运动时较对照和血液碱化空气CPET略低(P<0.05);而运动过程和恢复2min时的潮气量均相近(P>0.05)。呼吸频率在各个时间与血液碱化前后CPET均无差异(P>0.05)。在碱化血液后吸入纯氧运动各个时期的PaO₂和SaO₂较碱化血液前后空气CPET时明显提高(P<0.001,P<0.05)。血红蛋白浓度虽然较急性血液碱化前后均低,但仅较血液碱化前显著降低(P<0.05),比血液碱化后差异不显著(P>0.05) ; 开始时的PaCO₂较碱化血液前后空气CPET时降低(P<0.05),无氧阈时相近(P>0.05),但到峰值及恢复2 min时明显增高(P<0.05);pH仅较对照增高(P<0.05),但与碱化血液空气试验时无差异;乳酸水平较对照略高,但仅在热身和恢复期有差异(P<0.05)。纯氧提高了两人无氧阈和三人峰值运动的功率和时间。结论: 虽然血液碱化给予纯氧, CPET呼吸反应与碱化血液前、后空气CPET呼吸反应模式相似,表明运动中呼吸反应主要取决于代谢变化,而非动脉血气平均值高低。     

Plasmodium falciparum: Increased and Multiple Invasion During Short Periods of Time

We describe how to obtain an increased merozoite invasion of Plasmodium falciparum into human erythrocytes during short periods of time. Using this procedure, infected erythrocytes show multiple invasions (2–4 merozoites per erythrocyte), amplifying, several times, the effects of parasite entry into host cells. The procedure yields synchronous cultures (2-h age range) with parasitemia as high as 15%. It is possible to reach parasitemia of 50% or higher allowing for a 6-h invasion period.