Inhibition of cardiolipin synthesis by end-products and other complex lipids in membrane preparations of Micrococcus lysodeikticus.

Using membrane preparations of Micrococcus lysodeikticus, the end-products of cardiolipin synthesis, cardiolipin and glycerol, were shown to inhibit cardiolipin synthetase at several concentrations. Other phospholipids tested for inhibitory effects, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidic acid were also shown to inhibit cardiolipin synthesis. Phosphatidic acid was considerably more inhibitory than cardiolipin, phosphatidylethanolamine was similar to cardiolipin, and phosphatidylinositol less inhibitory at the same concentrations. A non-phosphate-containing glycolipid was also inhibitory. In contrast, glycerophosphate had no effect on cardiolipin synthesis.     

The study of a French family with two duplicated C4A haplotypes

Summary The finding of two duplicated C4A haplotypes in a normal French family led to a detailed study of their C4 polymorphism. The father had an extremely rare A^*6A^*11, B^* QO haplotype inherited by all of his children and the mother had the more common A^*3A^*2, B^*QO haplotype. Two HLA identical daughters only have four C4A alleles. The father's A11 allotype expresses Ch: 1 (Chido) rather than Rg:1 (Rodgers) and represents a new Ch phenotype Ch: 1,-2,-3,-4,-5,-6. In order to clarify the genetic background in this unusual family, DNA studies of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were undertake. The father's rare haplotype, which expresses two C4A allotypes, results from a long and a short C4 gene normally associated with the A^*6, B^*1 that also exhibits the BglII RFLP. As it travels in an extended MHC haplotype HLA A2, B57 (17), C2^*C, BF^*S, DR7 that is most frequently associated with A^*6, B^*1, we postulate that the short C4B has been converted in the chain region to a C4A gene which produces a C4A protein. This report of a short C4A gene is the first example in the complex polymorphism of C4.     

Antigenic determinants expressed by human C4 allotypes; a study of 325 families provides evidence for the structural antigenic model

The antigenic determinants of human C4 have been defined by human IgG antisera, Rodgers (Rg) and Chido (Ch), in hemagglutination-inhibition assays (HAI). Eight (2 Rg and 6 Ch) are of high frequency, > 90% , and 1, WH, is of low frequency, 15 %. The phenotypic combinations are complex; generally, C4A expresses Rg, and C4B has Ch, but reverse antigenicities have been established both by HAI and by sequence data of selected C4 allotypes. A study of 325 families provides data on the antigenic expression of each C4 allotype and demonstrates strong associations. A structural model for the antigenic determinants of C4 proteins has been proposed and is completely supported by the family material. Of the 16 possible antigenic combinations for C4 proteins, only 3 are undetected. A new Ch combination has been recorded in two French families. The reported sequence variation within the C4d region can account for the antigenic determinants but leaves the location of electrophoretic variation in C4 still unclear.     

High levels of glycolipid and low levels of phospholipid in a marine caulobacter.

Studies of the lipid composition of the marine bacterium Caulobacter halobacteroides revealed the presence of glycolipid as the predominant lipid constituent. The presence of minor amounts of phospholipid was confirmed with the incorporation of 14C- and 32P-labeled compounds. Other marine caulobacters had similar lipid compositions. Five chromatographically separable glycolipids were detected, two of which were identified as mono- and diglycosyldiglycerides. Glycolipid constituted 90 to 99% of the total extractable lipid based on 14C-acetate incorporation into six marine caulobacter strains. In addition, comparisons were made with the lipid extracts of the nonmarine Caulobacter crescentus and Micrococcus lysodeikticus, which contain substantial amounts of phospholipid. Studies of lipid composition during growth showed the maximum amount of phospholipid during early logarithmic growth (2.9%) with a decrease to 0.3% in the early stationary phase. The finding of a group of organisms in which phospholipid is not a major constituent of the lipid fraction is unique and generates many questions about the lipid requirements for membrane structure and function.     

Causes of Hypertension in the Young

Of 127 hypertensive patients aged 12 to 40 investigated by intravenous pyelography, abdominal aortography, and renal biopsy an underlying cause was found in 57%. The proportion with secondary hypertension was higher in young patients and in those with severe hypertension. Primary arteritis of the aorta was an important cause of renovascular hypertension in an Asian population.     

A Persistent Daily Rhythm in Photosynthesis

The luminescent marine dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax polyedra, exhibits a diurnal rhythm in the rate of photosynthesis and photosynthetic capacity measured by incorporation of C¹⁴O₂, at different times of day. With cultures grown on alternating light and dark periods of 12 hours each, the maximum rate is at the 8th hour of the light period. Cultures transferred from day-night conditions to continuous dim light continue to show the rhythm of photosynthetic capacity (activity measured in bright light) but not of photosynthesis (activity measured in existing dim light). Cultures transferred to continuous bright light, however, do not show any rhythm. Several other properties of the photosynthetic rhythm are similar to those of previously reported rhythms of luminescence and cell division. This similarity suggests that a single mechanism regulates the various rhythms.     

Haemoglobins of invertebrate tissues. Nerve haemoglobins of Aphrodite, Aplysia and Halosydna

1. The occurrence of haemoglobin in invertebrate nerves is surveyed. Haemoglobin was observed in the nerves and ganglia of the marine nematode Amphiporus sp. and of the polychaet annelid Halosydna sp. 2. Haemoglobins from the nerve and ganglia of the polychaet annelid Aphrodite aculeata L. and from the nerve of the gastropod mollusc Aplysia californica have been partially purified. The haem in each case was identified as iron protoporphyrin IX. 3. The minimum molecular weight of Aphrodite nerve haemoglobin deduced from the haem content and amino acid analysis is 17090, in agreement with the molecular weight 15600+/-1000 determined by sedimentation equilibrium. 4. The molecular weight of Aplysia nerve haemoglobin was determined by sedimentation equilibrium to be 16400+/-1000. 5. The oxygen dissociation curves are hyperbolic. Half-saturation is achieved at 1.1mm. Hg for Aphrodite nerve haemoglobin and at 4.0mm. Hg for Aplysia nerve haemoglobin. The coefficients for partition between carbon monoxide and oxygen are: Aphrodite nerve haemoglobin, 167; Aplysia nerve haemoglobin, 116. 6. The ferrous haemoglobins combine with cyanide. 7. We conclude that the intracellular haemoglobins of muscle and nerve are similar.     

Ecdysone metabolism in the host-parasitoid-system Trichoplusia ni/Chelonus sp

In unparasitized 4th and 5th-instar larvae of Trichoplusia ni and in 4th-instar larvae parasitized by Chelonus sp. 20-hydroxyecdysone, 20,26-dihydroxyec-dysone, and 20-hydroxyecdysonoic acid were the predominant metabolites formed 2 h after injection of [³H]ecdysone. Other unidentified metabolites were seen, but none seemed to be specific for either parasitized or unparasitized larvae. The major difference between parasitized and unparasitized larvae was seen with respect to the quantity of apolar (unidentified) and polar metabolites (20-hydroxyecdysonoic acid and unidentified ones), which were produced to a greater extent in parasitized larvae. Ecdysone was rapidly converted into 20-hydroxyecdysone and the other polar metabolites in all stages investigated, and the parasitoid seemed not to affect the conversion of ecdysone into 20-hydroxyecdysone. When analyzing the fate of [³H]ecdysone in host and parasite separately, at a stage when the parasite drinks hemolymph of its host, we observed that 10–20% of the radioactivity was recovered from the parasitoid. Analysis of the parasitoid's ecdysteroids revealed that ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone represented only a small proportion of the recovered labeled ecdysteroids, the majority being apolar and polar metabolites. Our data suggest that the parasitoid takes up ecdysteroids from its host, converts them, and to some extent releases apolar metabolites into the host.