Post-translational inhibitory regulation of acid invertase induced by fructose and glucose in developing apple fruit

Acid invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) is one of the key enzymes involved in the carbohydrate sink-organ development and the sink strength modulation in crops. The experiment conducted with 'Starkrimson' apple (Malus domestica Borkh) fruit showed that, during the fruit development, the activity of acid invertase gradually declined concomitantly with the progressive accumulation of fructose, glucose and sucrose, while Western blotting assay of acid invertase detected a 30 ku peptide of which the immuno-signal intensity increased during the fruit development. The im-muno-localization via immunogold electron microscopy showed that, on the one hand, acid invertase was mainly located on the flesh cell wall with numbers of the immunosignals present in the vacuole at the late stage of fruit development; and on the other hand, the amount of acid invertase increased during fruit development, which was consistent with the results of Western blotting. The in vivo pre-incubation of fruit discs with soluble sugars showed that     

β-amylase in developing apple fruits: activities, amounts and subcellular localization

Starch degradation in cells is closely associated with cereal seed germination, photosynthesis in leaves, carbohydrate storage in tuberous roots, and fleshy fruit development. Based on previously reported in vitro assays, β-amylase is considered one of the key enzymes catalyzing starch breakdown, but up to date its role in starch breakdown in living cells remains unclear because the enzyme was shown often extrachloroplastic in living cells. The present experiment showed that β-amylase activity was progressively increasing concomitantly with decreasing starch concentrations during apple (Malus domestica Borkh cv. Starkrimson) fruit development. The apparent amount of β-amylase assessed by Western blotting also increased during the fruit development, which is consistent with the seasonal changes in the enzyme activity. The subcellular-localization studies via immunogold electron-microscopy technique showed that β-amylase visualized by gold particles was predominantly located in plastids especially at periphery of starch granules, but the gold particles were scarcely found in other subcellular compartments. These data proved for the first time that the enzyme is compartmented in its functional sites in plant living cells. The predominantly plastid-distributed pattern of β-amylase in cells was shown unchanged throughout the fruit development. The density of gold particles (β-amylase) in plastids was increasing during the fruit development, which is consistent with the results of Western blotting. So it is considered that β-amylase is involved in starch hydrolysis in plastids of the fruit cells.     

果糖和葡萄糖参与诱导苹果果实酸性转化酶翻译后的抑制性调节

酸性转化酶活性的调节对于作物碳同化物库器官发育和库强调节具有关键作用.以苹果果实为材料进行实验发现,果实发育过程中,伴随果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖的积累,酸性转化酶活性逐渐下降;酸性转化酶Western印迹实验检测到一条30 ku的多肽,其信号强度随发育过程而增加;免疫电子显微镜定位实验一方面显示酸性转化酶主要分布于细胞壁上,发育后期液泡中酸性转化酶增加明显,另一方面表明,酸性转化酶数量随发育过程而增大,这与Western印迹实验结果相互印证.用生理浓度的外源糖预温育果实圆片,发现果糖和葡萄糖抑制了可提取的酸性转化酶的活性,但Western印迹实验并没有检测到该酶表观数量的变化和分子量不同于30 ku的多肽.所以认为,果糖和葡萄糖参与诱导了苹果果实酸性转化酶翻译后或易位后的抑制性调节.实验显示,这种酸性转化酶活性的翻译后调节机制不同于目前已报道的有关该酶的调节机制,即化学反应平衡系统中的己糖产物抑制,以及与多肽抑制因子有关的活性抑制.果糖和葡萄糖似乎诱导了有关抑制基因的表达或对酸性转化酶结构进行了某种修饰.     

苹果果实发育过程中α-淀粉酶的活性、数量变化和亚细胞定位

淀粉降解代谢与种子萌发、叶片光合作用、块根贮藏及肉质果实的发育密切相关.α-淀粉酶是催化淀粉水解的重要酶之一,然而由于它在生活细胞中经常定位于叶绿体或质体之外,与淀粉基质在亚细胞水平上相互隔离,所以该酶在植物活体内的生理功能至今不完全清楚.研究表明,在苹果(Malus domestica Borkh cv. Starkrimson)果实发育过程中,α-淀粉酶活性由低到高,与淀粉含量大致呈现互为消长的变化.Western blotting实验证明,在果实发育过程中,α-淀粉酶的表观数量也是由少到多,与活性的变化一致.利用胶体金免疫电镜定位技术证明,果实内α-淀粉酶主要定位于质体内,其他亚细胞区域内α-淀粉酶分布很少;尤其在果实发育中后期,围绕质体内淀粉粒有高密度的α-淀粉酶分布,说明该酶主要分布于细胞内功能区域.α-淀粉酶优先定位于质体内的亚细胞分布特点在果实整个生长发育期没有变化.随着果实发育的推进,质体内胶体金分布密度显著增加,此结果与Western blotting实验相互印证.推测α-淀粉酶参与了果实细胞内质体中淀粉的水解过程.     

β-amylase in developing apple fruits:activities,amounts and subcellular localization

Starch degradation in cells is closely associated with cereal seed germination, photosynthesis in leaves, carbohydrate storage in tuberous roots, and fleshy fruit development. Based on previously reported in vitro assays, p-amylase is considered one of the key enzymes catalyzing starch breakdown, but up to date its role in starch breakdown in living cells remains unclear because the enzyme was shown often extrachloroplastic in living cells. The present experiment showed that p-amylase activity was progressively increasing concomitantly with decreasing starch concentrations during apple (Malus domestica Borkh cv. Starkrimson) fruit development. The apparent amount of p-amylase assessed by Western blotting also increased during the fruit development, which is consistent with the seasonal changes in the enzyme activity. The subcellu-lar-localization studies via immunogold electron-microscopy technique showed that p-amylase visualized by gold particles was predominantly located in plastids especially at peri     

负压渗透处理对花粉管加载荧光染料的影响

该研究采用负压渗透技术,以正常培养2 h的丰水梨花粉为实验材料,探索负压渗透条件下,花粉管中加载Ca²⁺荧光探针(Fluo 4/AM)的方法。结果显示：(1)将花粉及花粉管进行负压处理2 h,花粉萌发率及花粉管的活性没有受到影响。(2)对培养2 h后的花粉管进行不同条件下的负压渗透处理,辅助荧光探针Fluo 4/AM进入花粉管;激光共聚焦显微镜观察发现,在低温(4 ℃)条件下,负压(-80 kPa)渗透加载荧光探针30 min,花粉管尖端可以观察到明显的Ca²⁺梯度。(3)抑制花粉管外Ca²⁺内流或降低花粉管外Ca²⁺浓度,花粉管中荧光密度也显著降低。研究认为,负压渗透辅助加载的方法可以有效促进荧光探针进入花粉管细胞内与Ca²⁺结合。     

苹果果实发育过程中α—淀粉酶的活性、数量变化和亚细胞定位

淀粉降解代谢与种子萌发、叶片光合作用,块根贮藏及肉质果实的发育密切相关,α-淀粉酶是催化淀粉水解的重要酶之一。然而由于它在生活细胞中经常定位于叶绿体或质体之外,与淀粉基质在亚细胞水平上相互隔离,所以该酶在植物活体内的生理功能至今不完全清楚,研究表明,在苹果（Malus domestica Borkhcv.Starkrimson)果实发育过程中,α-淀粉酶活性由低到高,与淀粉含量大致呈现互为消长的变化。Western blotting实验证明,在果实发育过程中,α-淀粉酶的表观数量也是由少到多,与活性的变化一致,利用胶体金免疫电镜定位技术证明,果实发育过程中,α-淀粉酶的珍观数量也是由少到多,与活性的变化一致,利用胶体金免疫电镜定位技术证明,果实内α-淀粉酶主要定位于质体内,其他亚细胞区域内α-淀粉酶分布很少;尤其在果实发育中后期,围绕质体内淀粉粒有高密度的α-淀粉酶分布,说明该酶主要分布于细胞内功能区域,α-淀粉酶优先定位于质体内的亚细胞分布特点在果实整个生长发育期没有变化,随着果实发育的推进,质体内胶体金分布密度显增加,此结果与Western blotting实验相互印证,推测α-淀粉酶参与了果实细胞内质体中淀粉的水解过程。     

发育过程中苹果果实的β-淀粉酶：活性、数量变化和亚细胞定位

淀粉降解代谢与种子萌发、叶片光合作用、块根贮藏及肉质果实的发育密切相关. 体外酶学实验普遍认为, β-淀粉酶是催化淀粉水解的重要酶之一, 然而由于其在生活细胞中经常定位于叶绿体或质体之外, 与淀粉基质在亚细胞水平上相互隔离, 所以该酶在植物活体内的生理功能至今尚不清楚. 用苹果果实进行的实验表明, 在果实发育过程中, β-淀粉酶活性由低到高, 与淀粉含量大致呈现互为消长的变化. Western blotting实验证明, 在果实发育过程中, β-淀粉酶的表观数量也是由少到多, 与活性的变化一致. 利用胶体金免疫电子显微镜定位技术证明, 果实内β-淀粉酶主要定位于质体内, 围绕淀粉粒分布较多, 其他亚细胞区域内β-淀粉酶分布很少, 说明该酶主要分布于其功能区域, 这种亚细胞分布特点在果实整个生长发育期没有变化. 在亚细胞水平上明确地展示出植物生活细胞中β-淀粉酶与其淀粉基质居于同一亚细胞区域内. 质体内胶体金分布密度随着果实发育的推进增加显著, 发育后期的质体内或淀粉粒上存在高密度的胶体金颗粒, 这个结果与Western blotting实验相互印证. 可以认为, β-淀粉酶参与了果实细胞质体中淀粉的水解过程.     

桃果实成熟前后细胞壁成分和降解酶活性的变化及其与果实硬度的关系

比较桃品种‘双久红’和‘川中岛白桃’果实成熟前后20 d内果肉硬度、细胞壁成分和细胞壁降解酶活性变化的结果表明,桃果实成熟5 d后,‘双久红’桃果实的硬度、纤维素含量和原果胶含量均极显著高于‘川中岛白桃’:从成熟前15 d开始,‘双久红’的水溶性果胶含量、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性和纤维素酶活性均极显著低于‘川中岛白桃’;整个成熟期间,‘双久红’的果胶甲酯酶活性明显低于‘川中岛白桃’。相关分析表明,果实硬度与原果胶、纤维素含量呈极显著正相关,而与可溶性果胶含量、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性和纤维素酶活性呈极显著负相关。     

Post-translational inhibitory regulation of acid invertase induced by fructose and glucose in developing apple fruit

Acid invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) is one of the key enzymes involved in the carbohydrate sinkorgan development and the sink strength modulation in crops. The experiment conducted with ‘Starkrimson’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh) fruit showed that, during the fruit development, the activity of acid invertase gradually declined concomitantly with the progressive accumulation of fructose, glucose and sucrose, while Western blotting assay of acid invertase detected a 30 ku peptide of which the immuno-signal intensity increased during the fruit development. The immunolocalization via immunogold electron microscopy showed that, on the one hand, acid invertase was mainly located on the flesh cell wall with numbers of the immunosignals present in the vacuole at the late stage of fruit development; and on the other hand, the amount of acid invertase increased during fruit development, which was consistent with the results of Western blotting. The in vivo preincubation of fruit discs with soluble sugars showed that the activity of extractible acid invertase was inhibited by fructose or glucose, while Western blotting did not detect any changes in apparent quantity of the enzyme nor other peptides than 30 ku one. So it is considered that fructose and glucose induced the post-translational or translocational inhibitory regulation of acid invertase in developing apple fruit. The mechanism of the post-translational inhibition was shown different from both the two previously reported ones that proposed either the inhibition by hexose products in the in vitro chemical reaction equilibrium system or the inhibition by the proteinaceous inhibitors. It was hypothesized that fructose and glucose might induce acid invertase inhibition by modulating the expression of some inhibition-related genes or some structural modification of acid invertase.