鹌鹑、果蝇遗传实验价值的比较研究

果蝇是生物学科遗传实验的经典材料,鹌鹑是新近开发的实验动物。对两者的实验价值进行比较研究结果表明：果蝇具有生活史短、繁殖率高、性状突出,在教学实验中还表现出知识性强,实验面宽等特点;鹌鹑具有直观性强、时代间隔短、繁殖率高、贴近生活、服务生产、供人观赏、饲养简便、遗传性状突出、知识性强等特点。同时,两者也都有不足。通过比较研究为合理安排生物实验课,进行校本实验开发提供科学依据。     

白色獭兔蓝眼突变体的发现与遗传分析

文章设计了杂交、回交和全同胞交配3个实验, 对美系白色獭兔(♂)和青紫蓝肉兔(♀)杂交所产生的白色蓝眼獭兔突变体的遗传机制进行了等位性测试。结果表明, 白色獭兔蓝眼突变体是维也纳座位(V)发生隐性突变的结果。基因v纯合(vv)对家兔基本毛色基因座(A、B、C、D、E)具有隐性上位作用, 无论其他毛色座位的基因型如何, 只要vv存在即可产生白色蓝眼兔。vv基因型与rr基因型组合即可产生白色蓝眼獭兔。白色蓝眼獭兔突变体在我国家兔育种中是一个新发现, 其遗传机制的阐明, 对獭兔育种和生产具有重要的指导意义。     

鹌鹑的实验动物学价值

近年来,鹌鹑作为实验动物已广泛用于生物学及生物医学领域的科学研究中．具有较高的实验动物学价值。本文总结了近年来鹌鹑做为实验动物在生物学、畜牧学及医学动物模型中的应用进展,并就今后进一步加强鹌鹑实验动物研究提出了一些建议。     

鹌鹑羽色遗传的研究及应用

鹌鹑的羽色主要有野生型、白色型、深色型、褐色型、黑白镶嵌型、褐白镶嵌型、黄色型、红色型和紫色型等,目前已发现大约有26个基因座与鹌鹑的羽色有关。这些基因座多数位于常染色体上,有5 个基因座位于Z染色体上,有4 个基因座存在有复等位基因系列。多数基因座的等位基因呈显隐性关系,少数表现为等显性或不完全显性。有5个基因座的显性羽色突变基因如黄羽、银色羽、白羽、孵化黑羽和亮绒羽在纯合状态下具有致死或半致死效应。羽色标记在鹌鹑育种和生产以及科学研究中已发挥了重要作用,作者就今后加强鹌鹑羽色标记研究提出了一些建议。 Abstract:The main plumage traits including wild-type,white,dark black,brown,dark-white inlays,brown-white inlays,yellow,red and purple have been reported,which are related to 26 loci.The majority of the loci are at the autosome and five loci at the Z chromosome.Four loci have multiple allelic series.The dominance or recessive relation are shown between allele of the most loci and few of them show allelic equivalence or incompletely dominance.There are five dominant plumage color mutations,such as yellow,silver,white,black at hatch and light down are lethal or semi-lethal in the homozygous state.These plumage color marker have played an important part in the breeding and production of quails and research fields.Some proposals are put forward in terms of strengthening the study of plumage color marks of quails.     

处理方式不同的颗粒细胞和卵泡液对牛卵母细胞体外受精后卵裂率和囊胚率的影响

将牛的卵母细胞置于添加有不同预处理颗粒细胞及含有卵泡液的培养液或不舍有卵泡液的培养液中进行体外成熟、受精及胚胎发育培养,研究了颗粒细胞、卵泡液及颗粒细胞与卵泡液交互作用对牛卵母细胞成熟、受精后卵裂率、囊胚率的影响。2178枚卵母细胞体外成熟受精后胚胎发育的对比观察结果表明：颗粒细胞、卵泡液及颗粒细胞与卵泡液交互作用对卵母细胞成熟受精后胚胎的卵裂具有显著影响（P〈0．05）;颗粒细胞对囊胚的发育有显著影响（P〈0．05）;卵泡液及颗粒细胞与卵泡液交互作用对囊胚的发育无显著影响（P〉0．05）。不同因素对卵裂率、囊胚率的影响表现为：颗粒细胞因素〉培养液因素〉培养液×颗粒细胞交互作用。结论：TCM199培养液中添加卵泡液和单层颗粒细胞组成的培养系统用于牛卵母细胞体外成熟及胚胎发育的效果较好。共培养体系中的单层颗粒细胞用经酶消化分散处理后在培养箱中孵育10min的颗粒细胞替代时,胚胎的发育效果并不受影响。     

半同胞交配法测定鹌鹑性连锁羽色基因的交换值

介绍了2种半同胞交配法测定鹌鹑性连锁2个羽色基因座B／b和Y／y交换值的方法：1）黄羽公鹑与白羽母鹑杂交,F1代栗羽公鹑与其半同胞黄羽母鹑交配;2）白羽公鹑与黄羽母鹑杂交,F1代栗羽公鹑与其半同胞白羽母鹑交配。2种方法测得的交换值分别为20±2．05％和20．4±1．92％。2种方法均可用于鹌鹑性染色体（Z）上2基因座交换值的测定,对连锁遗传学的实验和理论教学具有重要的意义。     

蛋用鹌鹑伴性羽色基因互作与连锁的关系

本研究首次发现了鹌鹑伴性羽基因的基因互作关系并进行了遗传验证.试验证明,鹌鹑的栗羽、黄羽和白羽是Z染色体上两个有连锁关系的基因座B/b和Y/y相互作用的结果.B和b为一对等位基因,不控制任何性状,只与色素的合成有关,B为有色基因,b为白化基因,B对b为显性;Y和y为另一对等位基因,分别控制栗羽和黄羽,Y对y为显性.栗羽和黄羽的表现取决于有色基因B的存在,B与Y相互作用产生栗羽,B与y相互作用产生黄羽,白羽是白化基因b对Y和y上位作用的结果.B/b和Y/y两基因座在雄性表现出一定的互换率,在雌性为完全连锁.这一研究补充和发展了以前人们对鹌鹑羽色伴性遗传的研究,为人们利用鹌鹑羽色进行自别雌雄配套系生产提供了重要的遗传学基础。 Abstract:The interaction of sex-linked gene for plumage color in quails was first discovered and identified by genetictest.It was proved that the phenotypic expressions of the maroon feather,the yellow feather and the white feather result from the interaction between B/b and Y/y loci in the Z-chromosome.The allele B and b have something to do with the composition of pigment in plumage and nothing to do with any relative characters,the coloured gene B is dominant to its albino allele b.The maroon and yellow feather constituted a pair of relative characters determined by a couple of alleles Y and y,the maroon feather was caused by a dominant allele Y,and the yellow feather caused by a recessive allele y.But the phenotypic expression of maroon and yellow was decided by the present of the coloured gene B in Z-chromosome,the maroon feather was the result of interaction between gene B and Y,the yellow feather was result of interaction between gene B and y.The white was caused by a recessive albino gene b which epistasis to gene Y and y.The incomplete linkage was present between B/b and Y/y in Z-chromosome in male and complete linkage in female.This research enriches and delelops the earlier studies of the sex-linked inheritance of plumage color.It provides an important genetic basis for the quail autosexing system production by means of plumage color.