非洲猪瘟研究进展

非洲猪瘟是由非洲猪瘟病毒感染家猪或野猪后引发的一种急性、烈性传染病,主要通过病猪及其周围环境传播,蜱是中间宿主。1921年该病首次暴发于非洲肯尼亚,2018年8月传入我国,目前已有24个省级行政区发生疫情。非洲猪瘟病毒主要经呼吸道和消化道进入猪体内,感染靶细胞主要是单核-巨噬细胞,目前受体还不明确。非洲猪瘟病毒是单分子双链DNA病毒,长度为170~190kb,编码150~200种蛋白,包括多种免疫调控蛋白,可以抵抗机体免疫。非洲猪瘟病毒疫苗研究较多,包括灭活疫苗、减毒疫苗、亚单位疫苗和基因疫苗等,但迄今这些疫苗都不能保护家猪免受非洲猪瘟病毒感染。今后需要对非洲猪瘟病毒及其发病机制做详细系统的研究,为开发有效防治方案提供资料。     

浙江分水江水库大型底栖动物群落结构及水质评价

2008年11月-2009年10月,在浙江桐庐分水江水库设置7个站点对大型底栖动物进行逐月调查.结果表明:调查共采集到37种底栖动物,主要由寡毛纲和摇蚊科物种组成.春、夏、秋季优势种均为霍甫水丝蚓,冬季优势种为羽摇蚊.直接收集者在物种数量、密度和生物量上均占绝对优势.群落年均密度和年均生物量分别为(488.0±48.8) ind·m-2和(1.86±0.49) g·m-2.底栖动物密度在站点间无明显差异但存在显著的季节变化,呈现春季＞夏季＞冬季＞秋季的趋势,生物量在站点、季节间均无显著差异.水温和水深是影响底栖动物时空分布的主要因子.Shannon多样性指数和Goodnight-Whitley指数不适合用于该水库的水质评价,其他指数综合显示分水江水库属于轻度污染.     

Oral delivery of peptide drugs using nanoparticles self-assembled by poly(gamma-glutamic acid) and a chitosan derivative functionalized by trimethylation

In the study, chitosan (CS) was conjugated with trimethyl groups for the synthesis of N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) polymers with different degrees of quaternization. Nanoparticles (NPs) self-assembled by the synthesized TMC and poly(gamma-glutamic acid) (gamma-PGA, TMC/gamma-PGA NPs) were prepared for oral delivery of insulin. The loading efficiency and loading content of insulin in TMC/gamma-PGA NPs were 73.8 +/- 2.9% and 23.5 +/- 2.1%, respectively. TMC/gamma-PGA NPs had superior stability in a broader pH range to CS/gamma-PGA NPs; the in vitro release profiles of insulin from both test NPs were significantly affected by their stability at distinct pH environments. At pH 7.0, CS/gamma-PGA NPs became disintegrated, resulting in a rapid release of insulin, which failed to provide an adequate retention of loaded insulin, while the cumulative amount of insulin released from TMC/gamma-PGA NPs was significantly reduced. At pH 7.4, TMC/gamma-PGA NPs were significantly swelled and a sustained release profile of insulin was observed. Confocal microscopy confirmed that TMC40/gamma-PGA NPs opened the tight junctions of Caco-2 cells to allow the transport of insulin along the paracellular pathway. Transepithelial-electrical-resistance measurements and transport studies implied that CS/gamma-PGA NPs can be effective as an insulin carrier only in a limited area of the intestinal lumen where the pH values are close to the p K a of CS. In contrast, TMC40/gamma-PGA NPs may be a suitable carrier for transmucosal delivery of insulin within the entire intestinal tract.     

橘全爪螨春季高峰发生程度与气象因素的关系

本文探讨了橘全爪螨高峰发生程度与气象因素及天气过程的关系。结果表明：春季高峰由２次连续的高峰组成,且第二次高峰大于第一次高峰;第一次高峰发生在４月下旬到５月中旬,其发生程度主要受 ３月 ２０日～ ４月 ３０日气象因子和天气过程的影响,即日均温度≥ １２℃,降雨≤ ２ｍｍ、相对湿度（ＲＨ）≤８５％,持续时间越长发生程度越重;第二高峰发生在５月下旬至６月中旬,主要受５月１１日～６月 １０日气象因子和天气过程的影响,即日均温度 ２０～ ３０℃、降雨≤ １０ｍｍ的持续时间越长该螨的发生程度越严重。说明重庆地区橘全爪螨春季高峰严重发生的主要因素是在相应的时间内降雨少、气温变幅低,积温多和特定气象因子组合的天气持续过程。     

奥利亚罗非鱼与鳜杂交的受精细胞学及胚胎发育研究

通过对奥利亚罗非鱼(♀)和鳜(♂)杂交的受精细胞学观察发现:异源精子入卵后产生星光,并核化成雄性原核,与雌原核互相靠近,接触最终完全融合为一个合子核,合子核继续分裂。分析比较了奥利亚罗非鱼,鳜以及奥鳜杂种胚胎发育情况,发现杂种胚胎的发育速度在囊胚早期与母本奥利亚罗非鱼基本一致,到囊胚后期速度有所减慢,但与鳜胚胎发育速度相差很大。这表明奥利亚罗非鱼和鳜虽属不同科间的远缘杂交,但有正常的受精细胞学程序和常规的细胞分裂(卵裂)方式。     

Parallel and Convergent Evolution of the Dim-Light Vision Gene RH1 in Bats (Order: Chiroptera)

Rhodopsin, encoded by the gene Rhodopsin (RH1), is extremely sensitive to light, and is responsible for dim-light vision. Bats are nocturnal mammals that inhabit poor light environments. Megabats (Old-World fruit bats) generally have well-developed eyes, while microbats (insectivorous bats) have developed echolocation and in general their eyes were degraded, however, dramatic differences in the eyes, and their reliance on vision, exist in this group. In this study, we examined the rod opsin gene (RH1), and compared its evolution to that of two cone opsin genes (SWS1 and M/LWS). While phylogenetic reconstruction with the cone opsin genes SWS1 and M/LWS generated a species tree in accord with expectations, the RH1 gene tree united Pteropodidae (Old-World fruit bats) and Yangochiroptera, with very high bootstrap values, suggesting the possibility of convergent evolution. The hypothesis of convergent evolution was further supported when nonsynonymous sites or amino acid sequences were used to construct phylogenies. Reconstructed RH1 sequences at internal nodes of the bat species phylogeny showed that: (1) Old-World fruit bats share an amino acid change (S270G) with the tomb bat; (2) Miniopterus share two amino acid changes (V104I, M183L) with Rhinolophoidea; (3) the amino acid replacement I123V occurred independently on four branches, and the replacements L99M, L266V and I286V occurred each on two branches. The multiple parallel amino acid replacements that occurred in the evolution of bat RH1 suggest the possibility of multiple convergences of their ecological specialization (i.e., various photic environments) during adaptation for the nocturnal lifestyle, and suggest that further attention is needed on the study of the ecology and behavior of bats.     

Evaluating the roles of energetic functional constraints on teleost mitochondrial-encoded protein evolution

Mitochondria are the power plant of cells, which play critical roles not only in energy metabolism but also in thermoregulation. These two roles have been individually suggested to influence mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) evolution, however their relative importance is still rarely considered. Here, we conduct a comparative genomic analysis of 401 teleost complete mitochondrial genomes and test the roles of these dual functional constraints on mitochondria to provide a more complete view of mtDNA evolution. We found that mitochondrial protein-coding genes of migratory fishes have significantly smaller Ka/Ks than nonmigratory fishes. The same data set showed that the genes of fishes living in cold climates have significantly smaller Ka/Ks than tropical fishes. In contrast, these trends were not observed for two nuclear genes that are not involved in energy metabolism. The differences in selection patterns observed between mitochondrial and nuclear genes suggest that the functional constraints acting on mitochondria, due to energy metabolism and/or thermoregulation, influence the evolution of mitochondrial-encoded proteins in teleosts.     

线粒体DNA在分子进化研究中的应用

线粒体作为古老的细胞器广泛存在于真核生物中,由于线粒体DNA的高进化速率,已被作为DNA标记广泛应用于现代分子生物学研究。长期以来,线粒体DNA一直被认为是中性进化或者受到纯净化选择。线粒体通过氧化呼吸链提供>95%的动物运动所需的自由能,并提供保持体温的热能。据此,近期已有研究推测并验证了线粒体与动物运动能力及气候适应性的相关性。该文简述线粒体基因组成及其进化,通过列举线粒体DNA在分子进化研究中的应用(如利用线粒体DNA重建物种的系统发育关系、从线粒体DNA角度分析生物能量代谢的适应性进化以及线粒体DNA密码子重定义对生物适应性的作用等),概述了线粒体DNA的分子进化研究。     

下一代测序cDNA样品制备及优化技术探讨DD

下一代测序技术目前已经应用于微生物、人类、动物、植物等的基因组分析.样品制备是开展大规模测序的必要前提和测序成功的根本保证.对大规模测序造成干扰的主要因素有: polyA干扰测序信号及高丰度基因对低丰度基因的掩盖等.文章以堇菜(Viola verecumda A.Gray)叶片为试材, 提取总RNA, 合成双链cDNA, 利用DSN核酸酶对双链cDNA进行均一化处理, 并对双链cDNA polyA进行了切除, 将处理后的cDNA进行了TA克隆, 挑取100个克隆随机测序.结果表明, 未处理的cDNA样本测序有15个克隆由于polyA的存在而影响了附近碱基的正确阅读, 独立克隆只有62个, 而处理后的cDNA样本经测序未发现polyA, 独立克隆有94个.序列分析发现, 经过处理的cDNA样本随机测序有两个克隆是经MALDI-TOF检测在样本中有蛋白质峰, 而基因克隆一直没有分离到的序列.以处理后的cDNA样本为模板扩增2个已知表达丰度差异较大的基因显示, 处理后这2个基因的PCR扩增产量差异明显减小.这些结果表明polyA切除、DSN核酸酶处理的cDNA样本完全满足大规模测序、寻找新基因的要求.     

Influence of in vitro growth conditions on photosynthetic competence and survival rate of Rehmannia glutinosa plantlets during acclimatization period

The photosynthetic responses of Rehmannia glutinosa grown under photoautotrophic or heterotrophic conditions in vitro were investigated after transfer to greenhouse conditions. In addition, the changes in carbohydrate content and survival rates of the plantlets were evaluated. During six days after transplantation, the photosynthetic rate declined and photoinhibitory impairments represented by decrease of Fv/Fm and chlorophyll content were observed regardless of environmental conditions in vitro. Excessive transpiration was observed in plantlets grown under heterotrophic conditions during that period. Fructose and glucose content of the plantlets grown under photoautotrophic conditions increased with time and reached almost the same level of field grown plants after day 15. Under heterotrophic conditions, in contrast, the content of these sugars decreased continuously during that period. It is suggested that high survival rate of plantlets grown under photoautotrophic conditions has to be attributed to improvement of photosynthetic competence by imposed high light intensity and CO₂ concentration in vitro. The results strongly suggest that the control of transpiration during early stage after transplantation plays a key role in the acclimatization process, and photoautotrophic conditions could be a solution to solve the problems associated with transplantation stress. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.