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Guijt-van Duijn RA Moerman R Kroon A van Dedem GW van den Doel R van Vliet L Young IT Laugere F Bossche A Sarro P 《Biotechnology advances》2003,21(5):431-444
Biotechnology today is a well-established paradigm in many areas of human endeavor, such as the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, management of the environment and many others. Meanwhile, biology is undergoing a spectacular transition: whereas systematic biology was replaced gradually by molecular biology, the latter is rapidly being transformed into a new systematic era in which entire genomes are being charted by ever more sophisticated analytical techniques.In the wake of this onslaught of data, new fields are germinating, such as bioinformatics in an attempt to find answers to fundamental questions, answers that may be hidden in the massive amounts of data already available today. 相似文献
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Background
Azathioprine triggers suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, characterized by cell shrinkage and exposure of phosphatidylserine at the erythrocyte surface. Eryptosis may accelerate the clearance of Plasmodium -infected erythrocytes. The present study thus explored whether azathioprine influences eryptosis of Plasmodium -infected erythrocytes, development of parasitaemia and thus the course of malaria.Methods
Human erythrocytes were infected in vitro with Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) (strain BinH) in the absence and presence of azathioprine (0.001 – 10 μM), parasitaemia determined utilizing Syto16, phosphatidylserine exposure estimated from annexin V-binding and cell volume from forward scatter in FACS analysis. Mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei (P. berghei) ANKA by injecting parasitized murine erythrocytes (1 × 106) intraperitoneally. Where indicated azathioprine (5 mg/kg b.w.) was administered subcutaneously from the eighth day of infection.Results
In vitro infection of human erythrocytes with P. falciparum increased annexin V-binding and initially decreased forward scatter, effects significantly augmented by azathioprine. At higher concentrations azathioprine significantly decreased intraerythrocytic DNA/RNA content (≥ 1 μM) and in vitro parasitaemia (≥ 1 μM). Administration of azathioprine significantly decreased the parasitaemia of circulating erythrocytes and increased the survival of P. berghei -infected mice (from 0% to 77% 22 days after infection).Conclusion
Azathioprine inhibits intraerythrocytic growth of P. falciparum, enhances suicidal death of infected erythrocytes, decreases parasitaemia and fosters host survival during malaria. 相似文献3.
Paul C. Wang Albert Mwango Sarah Moberley Benjamin J. Brockman Alison L. Connor Penelope Kalesha-Masumbu Simon Mutembo Maximillian Bweupe Pascalina Chanda-Kapata Godfrey Biemba Davidson H. Hamer Benjamin Chibuye Elizabeth McCarthy 《PloS one》2015,10(10)
Background
We assessed the integration of early infant HIV diagnosis with the expanded programme for immunization in a rural Zambian setting with the aim of determining whether infant and postpartum maternal HIV testing rates would increase without harming immunization uptake.Methods
In an unblinded, location stratified, cluster randomised controlled trial, 60 facilities in Zambia’s Southern Province were equally allocated to a control group, Simple Intervention group that received a sensitization meeting and the resupply of HIV testing commodities in the event of a stock-out, and a Comprehensive Intervention group that received the Simple Intervention as well as on-site operational support to facilitate the integration of HIV testing services with EPI.Findings
The average change in number of first dose diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus vaccine (DPT1) provided per month, per facility was approximately 0.86 doses higher [90% confidence interval (CI) -1.40, 3.12] in Comprehensive Intervention facilities compared to the combined average change in the Simple Intervention and control facilities. The interventions resulted in a 16.6% [90% CI: -7%, 46%, P-value = 0.26] and 10% [90% CI: -10%, 36%, P-value = 0.43] greater change in average monthly infant DBS testing compared to control for the Simple and Comprehensive facilities respectively. We also found 15.76 (90% CI: 7.12, 24.41, P-value < 0.01) and 10.93 (90% CI: 1.52, 20.33, P-value = 0.06) additional total maternal re-tests over baseline for the Simple and Comprehensive Facilities respectively.Conclusions
This study provides strong evidence to support Zambia’s policy of integration of HIV testing and EPI services. Actions in line with the interventions, including HIV testing material supply reinforcement, can increase HIV testing rates without harming immunization uptake. In response, Zambia’s Ministry of Health issued a memo to remind health facilities to provide HIV testing at under-five clinics and to include under-five HIV testing as part of district performance assessments.Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Registration Number: NCT02479659相似文献4.
Nathan Kapata Pascalina Chanda-Kapata William Ngosa Mine Metitiri Eveline Klinkenberg Nico Kalisvaart Veronica Sunkutu Aaron Shibemba Chishala Chabala Gershom Chongwe Mathias Tembo Lutinala Mulenga Grace Mbulo Patrick Katemangwe Sandra Sakala Elizabeth Chizema-Kawesha Felix Masiye George Sinyangwe Ikushi Onozaki Peter Mwaba Davy Chikamata Alimuddin Zumla Martin P. Grobusch 《PloS one》2016,11(1)
Background
Tuberculosis in Zambia is a major public health problem, however the country does not have reliable baseline data on the TB prevalence for impact measurement; therefore it was among the priority countries identified by the World Health Organization to conduct a national TB prevalence surveyObjective
To estimate the prevalence of tuberculosis among the adult Zambian population aged 15 years and above, in 2013–2014.Methods
A cross-sectional population-based survey was conducted in 66 clusters across all the 10 provinces of Zambia. Eligible participants aged 15 years and above were screened for TB symptoms, had a chest x-ray (CXR) performed and were offered an HIV test. Participants with TB symptoms and/or CXR abnormality underwent an in-depth interview and submitted one spot- and one morning sputum sample for smear microscopy and liquid culture. Digital data collection methods were used throughout the process.Results
Of the 98,458 individuals who were enumerated, 54,830 (55.7%) were eligible to participate, and 46,099 (84.1%) participated. Of those who participated, 45,633/46,099 (99%) were screened by both symptom assessment and chest x-ray, while 466/46,099 (1.01%) were screened by interview only. 6,708 (14.6%) were eligible to submit sputum and 6,154/6,708 (91.7%) of them submitted at least one specimen for examination. MTB cases identified were 265/6,123 (4.3%). The estimated national adult prevalence of smear, culture and bacteriologically confirmed TB was 319/100,000 (232-406/100,000); 568/100,000 (440-697/100,000); and 638/100,000 (502-774/100,000) population, respectively. The risk of having TB was five times higher in the HIV positive than HIV negative individuals. The TB prevalence for all forms was estimated to be 455 /100,000 population for all age groups.Conclusion
The prevalence of tuberculosis in Zambia was higher than previously estimated. Innovative approaches are required to accelerate the control of TB. 相似文献5.
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