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1.
Initial stimulation of the rat plantar sweat gland with pilocarpine caused a variable degree of distension of the apical membrane of the secretory cell. This appeared to be a process of filtration of secretory cell cytoplasm through the apical terminal web. Further stimulation resulted in luminal dilatation, cytoplasmic depletion, and morbidity of some cells. These morphological changes in the footpad gland, which thus can no longer be considered as eccrine, were accompanied by a fall in potassium and a rise in sodium concentration within the secretory cells. The mode of secretion induced by pharmacological stimulation was fundamentally the same as that in the glands of species responsive to thermal stimulation. 相似文献
2.
The Drosophila ets-2 gene: molecular structure, chromosomal localization, and developmental expression 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
The cellular homologs of the ets gene from the avian erythroblastosis retrovirus E26 have been studied in chickens, humans, mice, and cats. In this report a further evolutionary step is taken by isolating and characterizing a Drosophila ets-related genomic clone. Sequence analysis of this clone has shown it to contain the 3' end of the v-ets gene, called ets-2, corresponding to the last two exons of chicken ets. The predicted amino acid sequence was found to have over 90% homology when compared to that of v-ets. This is the highest level of conservation observed for any previously characterized Drosophila oncogene homolog. Expression of the ets-2 gene occurs throughout development, but is highest during the embryonic and pupal stages. By in situ hybridization, the ets-2 chromosomal position was determined to be 58A/B which corresponds to no known phenotypic mutant. As this is a highly conserved gene, the Drosophila model system should prove useful for the determination of the ets gene function. 相似文献
3.
Wheat germ phosphoglycerate mutase: evidence for a metalloenzyme 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
G C Smith A D McWilliams L F Hass 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》1986,136(1):336-340
Wheat germ phosphoglycerate mutase, exposed to 3.4 M guanidinium chloride at 22 degrees C and pH 7.8, slowly undergoes time-dependent inactivation which can be fully reversed by adding excess Co2+ or Mn2+ to a 50-fold dilution of the denaturing medium. Titration of the denatured enzyme with either Co2+ or Mn2+ shows that wheat germ mutase preferentially binds Co2+. Assuming 1:1 complexation between metal atom and protein, the apparent dissociation constants (Kd) for E Co2+ and E Mn2+ at 22 degrees C and pH 8.7 are approximately 1.06 and 1.84, respectively. Other metal atoms (e.g., Cr2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mg2+, and Ni2+) have no effect in restoring the apoenzyme's catalytic activity. At low concentrations (0.11-0.23 mM) Zn2+ partially restores activity, but promotes protein precipitation at elevated concentrations. Evidence suggests that all bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutases require either an intra- or an extramolecular metal atom in order to function. Attempts to characterize wheat germ mutase as a glycoprotein have yielded negative results. 相似文献
4.
5.
6.
We have broadly defined the DNA regions regulating esterase6 activity in
several life stages and tissue types of D. melanogaster using P-
element-mediated transformation of constructs that contain the esterase6
coding region and deletions or substitutions in 5' or 3' flanking DNA.
Hemolymph is a conserved ancestral site of EST6 activity in Drosophila and
the primary sequences regulating its activity lie between -171 and -25 bp
relative to the translation initiation site: deletion of these sequences
decrease activity approximately 20-fold. Hemolymph activity is also
modulated by four other DNA regions, three of which lie 5' and one of which
lies 3' of the coding region. Of these, two have positive and two have
negative effects, each of approximately twofold. Esterase6 activity is
present also in two male reproductive tract tissues; the ejaculatory bulb,
which is another ancestral activity site, and the ejaculatory duct, which
is a recently acquired site within the melanogaster species subgroup.
Activities in these tissues are at least in part independently regulated:
activity in the ejaculatory bulb is conferred by sequences between -273 and
-172 bp (threefold decrease when deleted), while activity in the
ejaculatory duct is conferred by more distal sequences between -844 and
-614 bp (fourfold decrease when deleted). The reproductive tract activity
is further modulated by two additional DNA regions, one in 5' DNA (-613 to
-284 bp; threefold decrease when deleted) and the other in 3' DNA (+1860 to
+2731 bp; threefold decrease when deleted) that probably overlaps the
adjacent esteraseP gene. Collating these data with previous studies
suggests that expression of EST6 in the ancestral sites is mainly regulated
by conserved proximal sequences while more variable distal sequences
regulate expression in the acquired ejaculatory duct site.
相似文献
7.
Litman GW; Rast JP; Shamblott MJ; Haire RN; Hulst M; Roess W; Litman RT; Hinds- Frey KR; Zilch A; Amemiya CT 《Molecular biology and evolution》1993,10(1):60-72
Immunoglobulins are encoded by a large multigene system that undergoes
somatic rearrangement and additional genetic change during the development
of immunoglobulin-producing cells. Inducible antibody and antibody-like
responses are found in all vertebrates. However, immunoglobulin possessing
disulfide-bonded heavy and light chains and domain-type organization has
been described only in representatives of the jawed vertebrates. High
degrees of nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence identity are
evident when the segmental elements that constitute the immunoglobulin gene
loci in phylogenetically divergent vertebrates are compared. However, the
organization of gene loci and the manner in which the independent elements
recombine (and diversify) vary markedly among different taxa. One striking
pattern of gene organization is the "cluster type" that appears to be
restricted to the chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes) and limits
segmental rearrangement to closely linked elements. This type of gene
organization is associated with both heavy- and light-chain gene loci. In
some cases, the clusters are "joined" or "partially joined" in the germ
line, in effect predetermining or partially predetermining, respectively,
the encoded specificities (the assumption being that these are expressed)
of the individual loci. By relating the sequences of transcribed gene
products to their respective germ-line genes, it is evident that, in some
cases, joined-type genes are expressed. This raises a question about the
existence and/or nature of allelic exclusion in these species. The
extensive variation in gene organization found throughout the vertebrate
species may relate directly to the role of intersegmental
(V<==>D<==>J) distances in the commitment of the individual
antibody-producing cell to a particular genetic specificity. Thus, the
evolution of this locus, perhaps more so than that of others, may reflect
the interrelationships between genetic organization and function.
相似文献
8.
Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) fry hatched from eggs transferred from high-Na to low-Na water during the eyed stage of development had a significantly higher Vmax and lower Km (P <0.01) of the sodium uptake mechanism than fry hatched from eggs incubated entirely in low-Na or high-Na water.
Fry hatched from eggs transferred to acid, high aluminium water during the eyed stage of development had a similar Vmax and Km to fry hatched from eggs incubated entirely in high- or low-Na water. Eggs incubated continuously in acid, high aluminium (low-Na) water produced fry with significantly lower Km and Vmax values than fry hatched from eggs incubated continuously in low-Na water. Eggs and fry in acid, high aluminium water continually lost sodium and mortality was 100% at 5 5 M O degree-days (2–3 weeks after hatching).
The results are discussed with respect to the influence of perivitelline fluid ion activities in eggs in acid, high aluminium water on the kinetic characteristics of sodium uptake in yolk-sac fry. A possible mechanism for the long-term adaptation of teleosts in acidified natural waters is also proposed. 相似文献
Fry hatched from eggs transferred to acid, high aluminium water during the eyed stage of development had a similar V
The results are discussed with respect to the influence of perivitelline fluid ion activities in eggs in acid, high aluminium water on the kinetic characteristics of sodium uptake in yolk-sac fry. A possible mechanism for the long-term adaptation of teleosts in acidified natural waters is also proposed. 相似文献
9.
The kinetics of active sodium uptake in dechorionated embryos, yolk-sac fry and start-feed fry of Atlantic salmon were compared in two groups reared either in low conductivity, untreated, river water (conductivity ∼ 46 μS cm−1 , pH 5.75), or in 'improved' river water buffered with sea water (conductivity ∼2200 μS cm 1 , pH 6.56), the latter treatment often being used in commercial hatcheries to avoid problems associated with periodic acidification.
Maximal transport rate ( Vmax ) increased during development in both groups but was always significantly higher in embryos and fry maintained in untreated river water. Values for K m were not seen to vary during development up to 12 weeks after hatching and were not significantly different between groups, or from values reported for adult Atlantic salmon in fresh water.
The results are discussed with respect to the influence of Na+ concentrations in the perivitelline fluid of developing eggs and in the external medium surrounding fry on V max and K m . The ability of fry reared entirely in buffered river water to maintain sodium balance following transfer to untreated river water is also considered. 相似文献
Maximal transport rate ( V
The results are discussed with respect to the influence of Na
10.
A single gonadotropin alpha-subunit gene in normal tissue and tumor-derived cell lines 总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20
M Boothby R W Ruddon C Anderson D McWilliams I Boime 《The Journal of biological chemistry》1981,256(10):5121-5127
The structure of gene sequences coding for the mRNA of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) alpha-subunit was investigated by Southern blot analysis of genomic DNAs using a cloned, full length cDNA probe. While four hormones, lutropin, follitropin, thyrotropin, and choriogonadotropin, have homologous alpha-subunits, only one gene that bears hCG-alpha sequences could be detected per haploid complement. The structure of this single gonadotropin alpha-subunit gene, which contains intervening sequences, is the same in DNA from first trimester and term placentae. However polymorphism was observed for the presence of a HindIII site and of an Eco RI site in the gene's 3' flanking sequences. The organization of hCG-alpha sequences in several trophoblastic and nontrophoblastic tumor cell lines, which produce hCG subunits, was also examined. In each, the same gene copy number and structure were seen as in normal tissue. Thus, the characteristics of ectopic alpha-subunit expression in these cells seem not to be determined by DNA rearrangements. 相似文献