全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4325篇 |
免费 | 245篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 12篇 |
2022年 | 15篇 |
2021年 | 54篇 |
2020年 | 28篇 |
2019年 | 42篇 |
2018年 | 65篇 |
2017年 | 42篇 |
2016年 | 77篇 |
2015年 | 107篇 |
2014年 | 143篇 |
2013年 | 276篇 |
2012年 | 295篇 |
2011年 | 274篇 |
2010年 | 170篇 |
2009年 | 145篇 |
2008年 | 271篇 |
2007年 | 264篇 |
2006年 | 259篇 |
2005年 | 224篇 |
2004年 | 248篇 |
2003年 | 226篇 |
2002年 | 252篇 |
2001年 | 79篇 |
2000年 | 76篇 |
1999年 | 82篇 |
1998年 | 61篇 |
1997年 | 51篇 |
1996年 | 50篇 |
1995年 | 42篇 |
1994年 | 38篇 |
1993年 | 36篇 |
1992年 | 51篇 |
1991年 | 53篇 |
1990年 | 44篇 |
1989年 | 46篇 |
1988年 | 30篇 |
1987年 | 29篇 |
1986年 | 32篇 |
1985年 | 22篇 |
1984年 | 26篇 |
1983年 | 32篇 |
1982年 | 18篇 |
1981年 | 21篇 |
1980年 | 23篇 |
1979年 | 25篇 |
1978年 | 14篇 |
1976年 | 9篇 |
1974年 | 15篇 |
1972年 | 14篇 |
1967年 | 8篇 |
排序方式: 共有4570条查询结果,搜索用时 171 毫秒
1.
Young-Jun Park Tomotaro Nishikawa Norihiko Tomooka Kazuhiro Nemoto 《Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement》2012,30(1):511-520
Polymorphisms at the Waxy locus of Amaranthus caudatus L. collected from a wide range of regions were used to investigate genetic diversity and mutation sites. A comparison of the Waxy locus revealed a very high level of sequence conservation. This result clearly showed low environmental and evolutionary variability in the Waxy gene. We also performed screening to confirm the mutation sites in the coding sequences of all accessions. The results indicate that one insertion in the coding region of Waxy genes was responsible for the change in perisperm starch leading to the waxy phenotype in all accessions of this species, and thus that a single mutation event altered the regulation of the Waxy gene during the domestication of this crop. In addition, phylogenetic analysis showed that waxy phenotypes within each of three species, A. caudatus, A. cruentus and A. hypochondriacus, originated separately or differentiated from nonwaxy phenotypes of each species through a single mutational event (i.e., a frame shift or base substitution). We also compared obvious structural features of the coding sequence of waxy and nonwaxy phenotypes with those of low-amylose phenotypes in A. caudatus. The Waxy coding sequences of low-amylose phenotypes do not show polymorphisms and are identical with those of waxy phenotypes. This could mean that there is another gene that encodes a key enzyme responsible for amylose synthesis as the elementary quantity in tissues other than perisperm in A. caudatus. 相似文献
2.
Masatoshi Kataoka Keizoh Kawamura Tamotsu Kondoh Yoichi Wakano Hiroshi Ishida 《FEMS microbiology letters》1993,107(1):111-114
Abstract A factor showing inhibitory activity against human gingival fibrolasts was extracted from the cytosol fraction of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4. The activity markedly inhibited the proliferation of human gingival fibrolasts, but had no effect on cell viability or gross morphology. No such activity was found in cytosol fractions from either Porphyromonas gingivalis 381 or Escherichia coli HB101. The extract from A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 was then purified by anion-exchange chromatography, hydroxyapatite chromatography and gel-filtration chromatography to give a single band on SDS-PAGE with an apparent molecular mass of 65 kDa. The purification ratio was 183-fold with a recovery rate of 5% compared with the crude extract (starting material) when the activity was assessed by direct cell counts. 相似文献
3.
Labeled antibodies with different F/P molar ratios of FITC to protein (F/P molar ratio) were used for the detection of surface immunoglobulin (S-Ig) of human and mouse lymphocytes by membrane immunofluorescence, and the following results were obtained. 1. The percentage of S-Ig bearing cells increased markedly when labeled anti-human H- or L-chains antibodies were used with higher F/P molar ratios. The investigation of frozen kidney sections of mice injected with human immunoglobulin revealed that such an increase of the positive ratio in S-Ig was caused by increased non-specific adsorption of the fraction of labeled antibody with a high F/P molar ratio. 2. This non-specific adsorption phenomenon was observed at various intensities in materials from different species; materials from mcie showed less non-specific adsorption than those from humans. 3. It was possible to exclude reactivity with an Fc receptor using the top one third of the supernatant of labeled antibody centrifuged at 150,000 for 30 min. 相似文献
4.
Kazuhiro Nakaya 《Ichthyological Research》1988,35(2):133-141
Additional specimens of the rareApristurus herklotsi are reported, and the characteristic features of this species are discussed.A. herklotsi is concluded to be a distinct species, having a very long snout, a narrow distance between the nostrils, a long caudal fin,
a short abdomen, numerous teeth on both jaws, and a low number of monospondylous vertebrae.A. herklotsi appears to be mature at about 44 cm in total length. 相似文献
5.
Mark T Uhlik Amy N Abell Bruce D Cuevas Kazuhiro Nakamura Gary L Johnson 《Biochimie et biologie cellulaire》2004,82(6):658-663
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are activated by a plethora of stimuli. The literature is filled with papers describing the activation of different MAPKs by almost any stimulus or insult imaginable to cells. In this review, we use signal transduction wiring diagrams to illustrate putative upstream regulators for the MAPK kinase kinases, MEKK1, 2, and 3. Targeted gene disruption of MEKK1, 2, or 3 defined phenotypes for each MEKK associated with loss of specific MAPK regulation. Genetic analysis of MEKK function clearly defines specific components of the wiring diagram that require MEKK1, 2, or 3 for physiological responses. We propose that signal transduction network wiring diagrams are valuable tools for hypothesis building and filtering physiologically relevant phenotypic responses from less connected protein relations in the regulation of MAPK pathways. 相似文献
6.
Kazuhiro Yamaguchi Klaus D. Jürgens Heinz Bartels Johannes Piiper 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1987,157(1):1-9
Summary To estimate the advantage of the small red blood cells (RBC) of high-altitude camelids for O2 transfer, the kinetics of O2 uptake into and release from the RBC obtained from llama, vicuña and alpaca were investigated at 37°C with a stopped-flow technique. O2 transfer conductance of RBC (G) was estimated from the rate of O2 saturation change and the corresponding O2 pressure difference between medium and hemoglobin. For comparison, O2 kinetics for the RBC of a lowaltitude camelid (dromedary camel) and the pygmy goat were determined and previously measured values for human RBC were used. O2 transfer of RBC was found to be strongly influenced by extracellular diffusion, except with O2 release into dithionite solutions of sufficiently high concentration (>30 mM). TheG values measured in these standard conditions,G
st (in mmol · min–1 · Torr–1 · (ml RBC)–1) were: high-altitude camelids, 0.58 (averaged for llama, alpaca and vicuña since there were no significant interspecific differences); camel 0.42; goat, 0.42; man, 0.39. The differences can in part be attributed to expected effects of the size and shape of the RBC (volume, surface area, mean thickness), as well as to the intracellular O2 diffusivity which depends on the concentration of cellular hemoglobin. The highG
st of RBC of highaltitude camelids may be considered to enhance O2 transfer in lungs and tissues. But the O2 transfer conductance of blood, , equal toG
st multiplied by hematocrit (in mmol · min–1 · Torr–1 · (ml blood)–1), was only slightly higher as compared to other species: 0.20 (llama, alpaca, vicuña), 0.14 (camel), 0.18 (goat), 0.17 (man).Abbreviations
DPG
2,3-diphosphoglycerate
-
G
conductance
-
Hb
hemoglobin
-
RBC
red blood cells
-
percent saturation of hemoglobin 相似文献
7.
A. Seto-Ohshima Y. Yamazaki N. Kawamura S. Kitajima M. Sano A. Mizutani 《Histochemistry and cell biology》1987,86(4):337-343
Summary Calmodulin (CaM) is a major calcium-binding protein in the brain, where its immunoreactivity is mainly localized in the neurons. In this study, ontogenical changes in the distribution of CaM in the nervous system of mouse embryos were investigated immunohistochemically using a specific antibody against CaM and an indirect immunoenzyme method. Immunoreactive staining was first observed in the marginal layer of the cranial neural tube after 9.5 days of gestation; thereafter, the amount of stained structures increased rapidly. Particularly intense staining was observed in the long neuronal processes extending from or into the brain and spinal cord primordia. Intense immunostaining was also observed in the optic nerve layer of early retinae from 12.5 days of gestation. The appearance of CaM immunoreactivity is thus an early event during neuronal differentiation, apparently concominant with the initiation of axon extension and the appearance of neurofilament proteins. 相似文献
8.
Characterization of a polysaccharide component of lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa IID 1008 (ATCC 27584) as D-rhamnan 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
S Yokota S Kaya S Sawada T Kawamura Y Araki E Ito 《European journal of biochemistry》1987,167(2):203-209
Structural studies were carried out on a rhamnose-rich polysaccharide isolated from the O-polysaccharide fraction of lipopolysaccharide in Pseudomonas aeruginosa IID 1008 (ATCC 27584) after destruction of the major O-specific chain by alkaline treatment. The isolated polysaccharide contained rhamnose, 3-O-methyl-6-deoxyhexose, glucose, xylose, alanine, galactosamine and phosphorus in a molar ratio of 67:6.9:4.3:2.1:1.1:1.0:4.1. Data from analysis involving Smith degradation, methylation, 1H-NMR spectroscopy and optical rotation measurement showed that the polysaccharide was built up of three moieties, a rhamnan chain composed of about 70 D-rhamnose residues, the core chain and an oligosaccharide chain comprising 3-O-methyl-6-deoxyhexose, xylose, rhamnose and probably glucose. The repeating unit of the rhamnan chain was indicated to have the following structure:----3)D-Rha(alpha 1----3)D-Rha(alpha 1----2)D-Rha(alpha 1----. This structure is identical with that proposed previously for the repeating unit of the side chain of lipopolysaccharide from plant pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum C28 [Smith, A.R.W., Zamze, S.E., Munro, S.M., Carter, K. J. and Hignett, R.C. (1985) Eur. J. Biochem. 149, 73-78]. 相似文献
9.
10.
Expression of pGKL killer 28K subunit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: identification of 28K subunit as a killer protein. 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3 下载免费PDF全文
Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other yeast cells harboring the linear double stranded (ds) DNA plasmids pGKL1 and pGKL2 secrete a killer toxin consisting of 97K, 31K and 28K subunits into the culture medium (EMBO J. 5, 1995-2002 (1986), Nucleic Acids Res., 15, 1031-1046 (1987]. The 28K subunit of the killer toxin was successfully expressed in S. cerevisiae when it was cloned on a circular plasmid with its putative promoter region replaced with that of S. cerevisiae chromosomal genes. The expression of the 28K subunit of the killer toxin in killer-sensitive cells resulted in the death of the host cells. This killing activity by the 28K subunit was prevented by the expression of the killer immunity, indicating that the killing activity of the killer toxin complex was carried out by the 28K subunit. Although the 28K subunit was synthesized as a intact precursor protein with its own signal sequence, it was not secreted into the culture medium but remained in the host cells. This indicated that 28K subunit killed host cells from inside of the cells rather than from outside. We further suggested that 28K killer subunit without 97K and 31K subunits did not kill the killer-sensitive cells from outside. 相似文献