广州市大气污染对两种绿化植物叶绿素荧光特性的影响

研究了广州市工业生产区 (CS)、交通枢纽区 (GC)、居民生活区 (GP)和清洁对照区 (BY)等 4个大气采样点栽种的两种绿化植物大叶紫薇 (Lagerstroemiaspeciosa)和白兰 (Micheliaalba)叶绿素荧光特性的差别。综合污染指数表明 4个研究地点的污染程度由大到小的顺序为交通枢纽区 (GC) >工业生产区 (CS) >居民生活区 (GP) >清洁对照区 (BY)。不同污染地点大叶紫薇和白兰叶片的叶绿素含量、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo,ΦPSⅡ和qP随污染程度的加剧而减少 ,细胞膜渗漏率和qN则上升。白兰这些参数的减少或增加的幅度大于大叶紫薇。用外源NaHSO3 或MV处理这两种植物时 ,细胞渗漏率的增加量和叶绿素含量下降量都是白兰大于大叶紫薇。结果表明绿化植物叶绿体光系统II活性和膜系统完整度的下降与其生长地点污染程度的加剧是一致的 ,大叶紫薇的抗污染能力大于白兰     

不同光强下生长的几种亚热带森林树木的Rubisco羧化速率和碳酸酐酶的活性

9月和12月测定了生长于3种不同光强（100％、36％和16％的自然光）下生长的乔木荷树、黧蒴和灌木九节、罗伞盆栽幼苗叶片的Rubisco羧化速率（RCR）、碳酸酐酶（CA）活性和细胞间CO2浓度（Ci)。当生长光强降低时,4种供试植物的RCR和CA活性明显降低。9月时生长在16％自然光下荷树的RCR和CA比100％自然光者分别降低55％和50％,藜蒴则降低20％和35％,耐有的灌木树的降幅较小,仅为33％－38％（RCR）和22％－30％（CA）。12月的RCR和CA的水平较9月时低,翌年1月时自然林不同光强下生长的同类植物的RCA和CA随光强变化也有类似的趋势。RCR和CA活性呈正相关性,且两者与Ci呈弱负相关。推测高光强可能有利于激活Rubisco,促进CA内化的CO2→DlC（可溶性碳）→CO2活性和DlC的传输过程。     

Effects of boron toxicity on root and leaf anatomy in two Citrus species differing in boron tolerance

Key message

Typical toxic symptom only occurred in B-toxic C. grandis leaves. B-toxicity induced PCD of C. grandis leaf phloem tissue. The lower leaf free B might contribute to the higher B-tolerance of C. sinensis.

Abstract

Seedlings of ‘Xuegan’ (Citrus sinensis) and ‘Sour pummelo’ (Citrus grandis) differing in boron (B)-tolerance were irrigated with nutrient solution containing 10 (control) or 400 (B-toxic) μM H₃BO₃ for 15 weeks. Thereafter, the effects of B-toxicity on leaf photosynthesis, chlorophyll, plant B absorption and distribution, root and leaf anatomy were investigated to elucidate the possible B-tolerant mechanisms of Citrus plants. Typical toxic symptom only occurred in B-toxic C. grandis leaves. Similarly, B-toxicity only affected C. grandis photosynthesis and chlorophyll. Although total B concentration in B-toxic roots and leaves was similar between the two species, leaves from B-toxic C. grandis plant middle had higher free B and lower bound B as compared with those from C. sinensis. Effects of B-toxicity on leaf structure were mainly limited to the mesophyll cells and the phloem of leaf veins. Although irregular cell wall thickening was observed in leaf cortex cells and phloem tissue of B-toxic C. grandis and C. sinensis leaves, exocytosis only occurred in the companion cells and the parenchyma cells of B-toxic C. sinensis leaf phloem. Also, B-toxicity induced cell death of phloem tissue through autophagy in C. grandis leaf veins. B-toxicity caused death of root epidermal cells of the two Citrus species. B-toxicity restrained degradation of middle lamella, but did not alter ultrastructure of Golgi apparatus and mitochondria in root elongating zone cells. In conclusion, C. sinensis was more tolerant to B-toxicity than C. grandis. The lower leaf free B and higher bound B might contribute to the higher B-tolerance of C. sinensis.     

Relationship Between PSⅡExcitation Pressure and Content of Super High-Yielding Hybrid Rice

The changes in photochemical features of PhotosystemⅡ(PSⅡ) and contents of Rubisco large subunit (RLS) and small subunit (RSS) in flag leaf from 75DAS to 113DAS (from filling to harvesting stages) were investigated in two hybrid rices (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Liangyoupeijiu and cv. Shanyou 63 grown in the field. Liangyoupeijiu is a super high-yielding rice and Shanyou 63 has widely been planted in China in these years. The results indicate that soluble protein and chlorophyll in both cultivars degraded slowly at first and dramatically thereafter. The degradation speed of soluble protein in Shanyou 63 was faster than that in Liangyoupeijiu. Both Fv/Fm and qP decreased in parallel with leaf senescence, whereas qN fell at first and then rose. No significant change in excitation pressure (1-qP ) was found before 89DAS but a sharply increase in both cultivars after it occurred. Excitation pressure rose more rapidly in Shanyou 63 than that in Liangyoupeijiu. The changes of RLS and RSS content exhibited the same trend as that of soluble protein content. A better linear correlation between RLS, RSS degradation and elevation of (1-qP ) were shown in both cultivars. We suggest that the increase in PSⅡ excitation pressure possibly induced the quick senescence process in rice flag leaf. The high-yielding of Liangyoupeijiu may be due to its maintenance of stronger photosynthetic capacity, longer and more stable photosynthetic functional du-ration than that of Shanyou 63.     

荔枝果实的氰不敏感呼吸

荔枝果实果皮和果肉的匀浆或组织的呼吸受KCN,SHAM和PG的抑制。KCN对呼吸的抑制达12％～58％。有KCN时,受SHAM抑制的呼吸为4％～29％。氰不敏感呼吸比率与果实成熟度有关,未熟绿果比半熟果和成熟果的高。乙烯利诱导成熟前果实呼吸增高但减少氰不敏感呼吸比率。DNP对绿果的总呼吸及氰不敏感呼吸均有轻微刺激作用,但对成熟果只明显刺激总呼吸率。     

Interactions among Fe2+, S2-, and Zn2+ tolerance, root anatomy, and radial oxygen loss in mangrove plants

Root anatomy, radial oxygen loss (ROL), and tolerances to ferrous (Fe(2+)), sulphide (S(2-)), and zinc (Zn(2+)) ions were investigated in seedlings of eight species of mangrove, including three pioneer species, three rhizophoraceous and two landward semi-mangrove species. The results showed an interesting co-tolerance to Fe(2+), S(2-), and Zn(2+). The three rhizophoraceous species (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Kandelia obovata and Rhizophora stylosa), which possessed the thickest lignified exodermis and the 'tightest barrier' in ROL spatial pattern, consistently exhibited the highest tolerance to Fe(2+), S(2-), and Zn(2+). B. gymnorrhiza could directly reduce ROL by increasing lignification within the exodermis. Such an induced barrier to ROL is a probable defence response to prevent further invasion and spread of toxins within plants. The data also indicated that, in B. gymnorrhiza, Fe(2+) or S(2-), or both, induced a lignified exodermis that delayed the entry of Zn(2+) into the roots and thereby contributed to a higher tolerance to Zn(2+). This study provides new evidence of exclusive strategies of mangrove seedling roots in dealing with contaminations. The information is also important in the selection and cultivation of tolerant species for the bioremediation of contaminated waters or soils.     

粤北六地森林群落的比较研究

利用植被样方法和重要值计算,对地处广东北部山区的南雄青嶂山、始兴南山、曲江沙溪、翁源青云山、新丰云髻山、河源大桂山的森林群落乔木层优势科、优势种及各地共优种的径级结构进行了比较分析。结果表明,各地共有优势科为壳斗科、樟科、山茶科、金缕梅科、冬青科、杜鹃花科等13科,与他们所处的中亚热带地理位置相适应;6地共有优势种9个,优势度存在明显差异。群落的相似性系数以沙溪与南山之间的75．88％为最大;青云山与大桂山之间的45．64％为最低;南山与其他各地的群落相似性系数均大于60％。共有优势种的种群径级结构中,甜锥（Castanopsis eyrei）、罗浮柿（Diospyros morrisiana）、酸枣（Choerospondias axillaris）种群在粤北6地的个体数量分布,与各地的纬度差异有较明显的相关性。云髻山和沙溪的黧蒴（Castanopsis fissa）种群呈增长趋势,而南山和大桂山的趋于衰退。青云山的木荷（Schima superba）种群呈增长趋势,而其他地区的更新不良。黄樟（Cinnamomum porrectum）在各地分布为散生,种群规模小,径级结构不完整。各地枫香（Liquidambar formosana）种群的径级结构不完整,缺乏Ⅰ级幼苗。杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）、马尾松（Pinus massoniana）种群在粤北6地均呈现衰退趋势。研究结果提示,整体上粤北6地森林的非地带性植被趋于衰退,常绿阔叶林的恢复进展顺利。     

淡水驯化对桐花树光合生理特性的影响

以实验地全光照条件下淡水和人工海水培养种植的桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）幼苗为材料,采用Li 6400光合测定仪对不同月份桐花树幼苗的光合生理生态特性日动态进行测定,研究了桐花树的光合生理生态特性。结果表明：在7、10月份桐花树的净光合速率日变化呈双峰型,均出现“光合午休”现象。在7月份人工海水组和淡水组的最大净光合速率（P_max）分别为9.97和11.95 μmol·m^-2·s^-1;而10月份的P_max分别为12.2和12.9 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。而且淡水驯化下,桐花树的净光合速率较人工海水组高。由光响应曲线可知,桐花树人工海水组的最大净光合速率（P_max）、光饱和点（LSP）、光补偿点（LCP）和表观量子效率（AQY）分别为7 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,1 477 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,30 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,0.031 3;而淡水组为8.69 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,980 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,40 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,0.011。在所测的生理生态因子中,光合有效辐射和气孔导度是影响桐花树光合作用最为强烈的因子,与桐花树的净光合速率和蒸腾速率均有极显著的相关关系（p<0.01）。试验说明淡水驯化的桐花树对光强的利用范围变窄,但有较高的净光合速率,表明桐花树对淡水环境具有较强的适应性。     

Photosynthetic Characteristics of Two New Chlorophyll b-Less Rice Mutants

Two yellow rice mutants VG28-1 and VG30-5 were obtained during the tissue culture process from a rice plant (cv. Zhonghua No.11 japonica) with inserted maize Ds transposon element. Absorption spectra and pigment composition showed that two mutants had no chlorophyll (Chl) b and lower Chl a content in comparison to the wild type (WT). Net photosynthetic rate (P _N), total electron transport rate (J_F), photochemical quenching (q_p), quantum yield of PS2 dependent non-cyclic electron transport (_PS2), fraction of P_rate, and leaf area were lower but F_v/F_m and apparent quantum yield (AQY) remained at similar levels as in the WT plant. Xanthophyll cycle pool size (V+A+Z) on a Chl basis, and de-epoxidation state were enhanced in the mutants. The mutants had larger amounts of soluble protein and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCO), especially the small subunit of RuBPCO, than WT. The characteristics of two rice mutants differed somewhat from the other common Chl b-less mutants originating from mutagenic agent treatments.