Environmental Pressure May Change the Composition Protein Disorder in Prokaryotes

Many prokaryotic organisms have adapted to incredibly extreme habitats. The genomes of such extremophiles differ from their non-extremophile relatives. For example, some proteins in thermophiles sustain high temperatures by being more compact than homologs in non-extremophiles. Conversely, some proteins have increased volumes to compensate for freezing effects in psychrophiles that survive in the cold. Here, we revealed that some differences in organisms surviving in extreme habitats correlate with a simple single feature, namely the fraction of proteins predicted to have long disordered regions. We predicted disorder with different methods for 46 completely sequenced organisms from diverse habitats and found a correlation between protein disorder and the extremity of the environment. More specifically, the overall percentage of proteins with long disordered regions tended to be more similar between organisms of similar habitats than between organisms of similar taxonomy. For example, predictions tended to detect substantially more proteins with long disordered regions in prokaryotic halophiles (survive high salt) than in their taxonomic neighbors. Another peculiar environment is that of high radiation survived, e.g. by Deinococcus radiodurans. The relatively high fraction of disorder predicted in this extremophile might provide a shield against mutations. Although our analysis fails to establish causation, the observed correlation between such a simplistic, coarse-grained, microscopic molecular feature (disorder content) and a macroscopic variable (habitat) remains stunning.     

Purification of Neuronal Cell Surface Proteins and Generation of Epitope-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Against Cell Adhesion Molecules

To establish a procedure for the purification of a broad spectrum of cell surface proteins, three separate methods based on different principles were compared with the aid of four marker proteins. Membrane preparation by sedimentation-flotation centrifugation, temperature-induced phase separation with Triton X-114, and lectin affinity chromatography were used separately as well as in combination. The two-step procedure of membrane preparation and lectin affinity chromatography provided by far the best enrichment of cell surface marker proteins. This result was further substantiated by screening greater than 6,600 hybridoma cultures that originated from mice that had been immunized with protein fractions obtained by different purification protocols. In addition, it was found that solubilized glycoproteins used as immunogens led to many more cell surface-specific monoclonal antibodies than glycoproteins immobilized on lectin-agarose beads. Three monoclonal antibodies that recognize distinct epitopes of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) were isolated. Monoclonal antibody C4 bound to a detergent-labile epitope of G4 (neuron-glia CAM). Monoclonal antibody D1 recognized specifically nonreduced neural CAM (N-CAM) with intact disulfide bridges, and monoclonal antibody D3 recognized only the 180-kilodalton isoform of N-CAM. Because of these specificities, these monoclonal antibodies promise to be useful tools for the elucidation of the structural organization of adhesion molecules.     

Accumulation of cadmium and copper by the terrestrial snail Arianta arbustorum L.: kinetics and budgets

Summary Specimens of the terrestrial gastropod Arianta arbustorum were fed on cadmium- or copper-enriched agar plates with the aim of performing an input/output analysis and of studying the distribution of these metals in several organs of the snails. After a feeding period of 20 days about 45% of cadmium were lost. 36% accumulated in the hepatopancreas, where a cadmium concentration of more than 500 g/g was measured. The efficiency of cadmium assimilation decreased from about 90% at the beginning to about 55% after 20 days. Copper was distributed more evenly than cadmium, but the main site of copper storage seemed to be the foot/mantle tissues, where 49% of the ingested copper were found. The efficiency of copper assimilation always exceeded 95%. The patterns of distribution and assimilation of copper and cadmium are discussed in relation to differences in the cytological and biochemical detoxification mechanisms which exist for these metals in molluscs.     

A new cell wall structure in a symbiotic and a free-living strain of the blue-green alga genus Chroococcidiopsis (Pleurocapsales)

Freeze etching studies in a symbiotic and a freeliving strain of Chroococcidiopsis revealed a specific layer in the outer cell wall not described so far from Cyanophyta. The layer showed a complex organisation: The main unit are ribbons, 2–3 nm thick, striated at right angle to the longitudinal axis. They are interwoven to a patchwork-like leaflet. The ribbons are virtually composed of globular particles associated in parallel rows. The cytoplasmic membrane and the cell walls of the symbiotic and the free-living strain were compared.Abbreviations cm cytoplasmic membrane - CW 1,2,3 cell wall layer 1,2,3 - EF exoplasmic fracture face - PF protoplasmic fracture face     

Zur Ätiologie der Anreicherung von Aminosäuren und Amiden im Wurzelraum vonHelianthus Annuus L

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