水稻土生态模拟试验研究——水分状况对稻麦生长和物质移动的影响

目前,在土壤生态系统的研究中,实验生态学是主要的研究方面之一。其中模拟试验又已引起国内外研究者的广泛注意,是一种普遍采取的手段。在水稻土生态系统中,水分是影响系统中物质迁移的主要因子,同时引起土壤一系列物理化学和生物化学性质的变化,继而影响作物的生长。从1980年开始,我们进行了水稻土生态系统的模拟试验,研究水分状况对稻麦生长和土壤中物质移动的影响,为人工调     

“动物遗传原理与育种方法”课程全程案例教学设计与实践

"动物遗传原理与育种方法"作为农业硕士专业学位(畜牧领域)一门主干课程,也是一门理论与实践相结合的课程。传统的举例教学方式不仅难以满足现代专业学位教学要求,而且也难以让学生系统掌握遗传育种理论与实践知识。本文在对开放式全程案例教学的内涵与特点进行分析的基础上,结合"动物遗传原理与育种方法"案例的教学实践,阐述了全程案例教学设计中典型案例选择、案例的课堂讲解和组织讨论、案例的课堂总结以及课程教学评价等设计技巧与注意事项,为农学专业学位研究生培养过程中案例教学法的应用和推广提供一定的参考。     

Empirical evaluation of genetic clustering methods using multilocus genotypes from 20 chicken breeds

We tested the utility of genetic cluster analysis in ascertaining population structure of a large data set for which population structure was previously known. Each of 600 individuals representing 20 distinct chicken breeds was genotyped for 27 microsatellite loci, and individual multilocus genotypes were used to infer genetic clusters. Individuals from each breed were inferred to belong mostly to the same cluster. The clustering success rate, measuring the fraction of individuals that were properly inferred to belong to their correct breeds, was consistently approximately 98%. When markers of highest expected heterozygosity were used, genotypes that included at least 8-10 highly variable markers from among the 27 markers genotyped also achieved >95% clustering success. When 12-15 highly variable markers and only 15-20 of the 30 individuals per breed were used, clustering success was at least 90%. We suggest that in species for which population structure is of interest, databases of multilocus genotypes at highly variable markers should be compiled. These genotypes could then be used as training samples for genetic cluster analysis and to facilitate assignments of individuals of unknown origin to populations. The clustering algorithm has potential applications in defining the within-species genetic units that are useful in problems of conservation.     

酵母多糖影响人朗格汉斯细胞C型凝集素受体的研究

探究酵母多糖（Zymosan）对人朗格汉斯细胞（Langerhans cells, LCs）C型凝集素受体（C-type lectin receptors, CLRs）的影响。收集健康志愿者血液样本,Ficoll淋巴细胞分离液分离外周血单个核细胞,CD14磁珠分选CD14⁺细胞,用含有GM-CSF（1 000 U/mL）、IL-4（1 000 U/mL）、TGFβ-1（10 ng/mL）的培养液诱导培养LCs, Zymosan刺激LCs,8、24 h后收集细胞。提取Zymosan实验组和对照组细胞RNA,实时RT PCR分析5种CLRs（Dectin-1、Dectin-2、DC-SIGN、Mincle、MRC-2） mRNA的水平,扩增产物测序鉴定。共检测10个个体来源LCs在酵母多糖刺激后其CLRs mRNA变化的情况。在10组样本中,有6组Dectin 2受体mRNA较对照组增加（变化倍数≥2）,其中3组增加明显（变化倍数≥5）,最大增加倍数为20.91;有5组Mincle受体mRNA较对照组增加（变化倍数≥2）,其中4组增加明显（变化倍数≥5）,最大增加倍数为19.98;有1组MRC-2受体mRNA较对照组明显增加（变化倍数≥5）。Dectin-1和DC-SIGN受体mRNA没有增加。Zymosan能增加部分个体来源LCs内Dectin-2、Mincle和MRC-2受体mRNA的水平,而对Dectin-1和DC-SIGN受体mRNA的水平没有影响。本研究结果完善了Zymosan调节机体免疫功能的作用机制。     

Diversification in the Andes: age and origins of South American Heliotropium lineages (Heliotropiaceae, Boraginales)

The uplift of the Andes was a major factor for plant diversification in South America and had significant effects on the climatic patterns at the continental scale. It was crucial for the formation of the arid environments in south-eastern and western South America. However, both the timing of the major stages of the Andean uplift and the onset of aridity in western South America remain controversial. In this paper we examine the hypothesis that the Andean South American groups of Heliotropium originated and diversified in response to Andean orogeny during the late Miocene and a the subsequent development of aridity. To this end, we estimate divergence times and likely biogeographical origins of the major clades in the phylogeny of Heliotropium, using both Bayesian and likelihood methods. Divergence times of all Andean clades in Heliotropium are estimated to be of late Miocene or Pliocene ages. At least three independent Andean diversification events can be recognized within Heliotropium. Timing of the diversification in the Andean lineages Heliotropium sects.Heliothamnus, Cochranea, Heliotrophytum, Hypsogenia, Plagiomeris, Platygyne clearly correspond to a rapid, late Miocene uplift of the Andes and a Pliocene development of arid environments in South America.     

Nectar, floral morphology and pollination syndrome in Loasaceae subfam. Loasoideae (Cornales)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Loasaceae subfam. Loasoideae are mostly distributed in South America (sea level to over 4500 m) with a wide range of animals documented as pollinators. The aim was to investigate correlations between nectar parameters, flower morphology, pollination syndrome and phylogeny. METHODS: Nectar was collected from 29 species from seven genera in the subfamily. Concentration and volumes were measured and the amount of sugar calculated. Correlations of nectar data were plotted on a ternary graph and nectar characteristics compared with flower visitors, floral morphology and phylogenetic data. KEY RESULTS: Sugar concentrations are generally higher than reported for most plant families in the literature. The species investigated can be roughly grouped as follows. Group I: plants with approx. 1.5(-3.5) microL nectar with (40-)60-80% sugar and 0.19-2 mg sugar flower-1; with small, white, star-shaped corollas, pollinated by short-tongued bees. Groups II, III and IV: plants with mostly orange, balloon-, saucer-, bowl- or bell-shaped corollas. Group II: plants with approx. 9-14 microL nectar with 40-60% sugar and 4-10 mg sugar flower-1; mostly visited by long-tongued bees and/or hummingbirds. Group III: plants with 40-100 microL nectar with 30-40% sugar and 14-36 mg sugar flower-1, mostly visited by hummingbirds. Group IV: geoflorous plants with 80-90 microL with 10-15% sugar and 8.5-12 mg sugar flower-1, presumably visited by small mammals. Groups II and III include species visited by bees and/or hummingbirds. CONCLUSIONS: Pollinator switches from short-tongued bees via long-tongued bees to hummingbirds appear to have taken place repeatedly in the genera Nasa, Loasa and Caiophora. Changes in nectar amount and concentration appear to evolve rapidly with little phylogenetic constraint.     

Molecular tools and analytical approaches for the characterization of farm animal genetic diversity

Genetic studies of livestock populations focus on questions of domestication, within- and among-breed diversity, breed history and adaptive variation. In this review, we describe the use of different molecular markers and methods for data analysis used to address these questions. There is a clear trend towards the use of single nucleotide polymorphisms and whole-genome sequence information, the application of Bayesian or Approximate Bayesian analysis and the use of adaptive next to neutral diversity to support decisions on conservation.     

Hybridization and crossability in Caiophora (Loasaceae subfam. Loasoideae): Are interfertile species and inbred populations results of a recent radiation?

Interspecific hybridization is considered a possible mechanism of plant diversification. The Andes are a hotspot of biodiversity, but hybridization in Andean taxa has so far not been investigated intensively. The current study investigates crossability in Caiophora (Loasaceae subfam. Loasoideae) by experimental interspecific hybridization of seven different species. Hand pollination was undertaken, developing fruits counted, thousand (seed) grain weights, and seed viability were examined. Cross pollination led to some fruit set in 36 of the 37 different combinations. Overall fruit set was virtually identical irrespective of the combination of parental plants. Mean germination rates were much higher in hybrid seeds, indicating a marked heterosis effect and the possible presence of an inbreeding depression in the source populations: In experimental hybridization the divergent taxa of Caiophora behave like isolated, inbred populations of a single species. Allopatry and different habitat preferences seem to be the key factors keeping the (interfertile) taxa of Caiophora apart in the apparent absence of both postmating isolating mechanisms and obvious isolating mechanisms in phenology and floral biology. Interspecific hybrids reported from the wild appear to be the result of secondary contact due to human impact.     

一例12号染色体臂间倒位的细胞遗传学研究

小麦主要经济性状大多属数量性状,是受 微效多基因控制的。为了探索小麦常用亲本配 制组合时各主要经济性状的遗传变异规律,于 1980年选用了江苏、浙江两省普遍采用的UP 301、泰山1号、908、早白、白壳早、短秆早6 个品种作为杂交亲本,研究并分析了主要经济 性状的遗传参数,为有效地选配亲本,提高育种 成效,提供一些理论依据。