腹腔镜手术治疗粘连性肠梗阻的疗效及安全性研究

目的：探讨腹腔镜粘连松解术治疗粘连性肠梗阻（AIO）的疗效，减少再梗阻率。方法：将120 例AIO 患者随机分为两组，每 组60 例，开腹组实施开腹手术，腹腔镜组实施腹腔镜粘连松解术，观察两组术后恢复及并发症发生情况，对再梗阻危险因素进行 Logistic 回归分析。结果：腹腔镜组术中失血量（73.48± 9.32）mL，少于开腹组的（207.45± 33.21）mL（P<0.05）；腹腔镜组手术、术后 镇痛、下床活动、肠恢复蠕动、肛门恢复排气、拔除尿管及住院时间分别为（69.15± 10.13）min、（14.67± 7.23）h、（27.14± 7.04）h、 （3.11± 0.96）d、（3.24± 1.02）d、（3.37± 1.23）d、（7.95± 3.05）d，均短于开腹组的（83.84± 9.24）min、（27.38± 8.02）h、（36.23± 5.87） h、（4.05± 1.35）d、（4.35± 1.74）d、（5.02± 2.13）d、（10.35± 3.71）d（P<0.05)；腹腔镜组并发症发生率、再梗阻率分别为10.00%、 10.00%，均低于开腹组的33.33%、40.00%（P<0.05)；多因素Logistic 回归分析显示开腹手术、手术时间≥ 60 min 是再梗阻发生的独 立危险因素。结论：腹腔镜手术治疗AIO 疗效优于开腹手术，而且并发症与再梗阻率低。     

Frequency of Buddleja davidii Franch. (Buddlejaceae) in Germany along ecological gradients

In Central Europe as in most other temperate regions of the world, Buddleja davidii has become a very successful invader. A thorough observation, documentation and analysis of the spread of invasive species is the precondition for the understanding of invasion processes. Therefore, I documented the occurrence of the species along a west–east transect as well as an altitudinal transect, and I tried to reconstruct the spread of the species in the course of the last decades along railroad areas, which have proved to be the most favorized habitats for colonization of Buddleja. Additionally, a literature review is given on its general spread and distribution in Germany. Based on the investigation of 52 stations, the results show that the species, in Germany, has its optimum in the Rhein-Ruhr- and the Rhein-Main-area, that its abundance significantly decreases from west to east and with increasing altitude. A literature review combined with own investigations shows, that it was very successful in Germany on ruins of World War II but decreased and sometimes totally disappeared in cities of East Germany and of the altitudinal higher regions of Germany, i.e. also in many towns of South Germany. In West Germany, the recent spread started about three decades ago and is still in process. As cold winters seem to be the limiting factor for the spread of Buddleja, even an accelerated spread of this species and perhaps a loss of its ruderal character can be expected, considering the progress of climate change.     

Molecular Characteristics and Peptide Specificity of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptors from Rat Cerebral Cortex

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors have been identified in CNS by their chemical specificity and molecular size. Using synaptosomes isolated from rat cerebral cortex, it was shown that central VIP receptors discriminated among natural and synthetic VIP-related peptides, because half-maximal inhibition of [125I]VIP binding to synaptosomes was obtained for 0.6 nM VIP, 9 nM peptide histidine isoleucineamide (PHI), 50 nM VIP 2-28, 70 nM secretin, 100 nM rat growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF), and 350 nM human GRF. Other peptides of the VIP family, such as glucagon and gastric inhibitory polypeptide, did not interact with cortical VIP receptors. The molecular components of VIP receptors in rat cerebral cortex were identified after [125I]VIP cross-linking to synaptosomes using the cross-linker dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of synaptosomal proteins revealed two major [125I]VIP-protein complexes of Mr 49,000 and 18,000. The labeling of the Mr 49,000 component was specific, because it was abolished by native VIP, whereas the labeling of the Mr 18,000 component was not. Natural VIP agonists reduced the labeling of the Mr 49,000 component with the following order of potency: VIP greater than PHI greater than secretin approximately equal to rat GRF. In contrast, glucagon and octapeptide of cholecystokinin were without effect, a result indicating its peptide specificity. Densitometric scanning of autoradiographs showed that the labeling of the Mr 49,000 component was inhibited by low VIP concentrations between 10(-10) and 10(-6) M (IC50 = 0.8 nM), a result indicating the component's high affinity for VIP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Interaction of Neuropeptides and Cultured Glial (Müller) Cells of the Chick Retina: Elevation of Intracellular Cyclic AMP by Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Glucagon

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and, to a lesser extent, glucagon were found to increase intracellular cyclic AMP rapidly in cultured glial (Müller) cells of the chick embryo retina. Although VIP elicited higher cyclic AMP accumulation than glucagon at each concentration tested, the half-maximal concentrations were similar, i.e., 6 X 10(-8) M for VIP and 8 X 10(-8) M for glucagon. Secretin had a minimal effect on cyclic AMP accumulation even at a very high (5 X 10(-6) M) concentration. Several other peptide and nonpeptide putative agonists also had little effect on cyclic AMP accumulation. The cultured Müller cell may thus be a useful model for examining VIP and glucagon effects on glial elements of the CNS.     

The sweet jelly of Combretum lanceolatum flowers (Combretaceae): a cornucopia resource for bird pollinators in the Pantanal, western Brazil

 The pollination biology of the neotropical scandent shrub Combretum lanceolatum was studied in the seasonally-flooded Pantanal region in western Brazil. This plant bears horizontally oriented inflorescences, whose yellowish green flowers begin to expand at dusk and are fully open at dawn. Instead of fluid nectar the flowers produce sweet gelatinous secretion in form of pellets. The glandular complex of the flower is composed of the inner wall of the receptacle and its tubular extension, being equivalent to the nectariferous disk of the nectar-producing species within the genus. The jelly is produced at night, contains mannan and is imbibed by free hexoses. It originates by swelling and disintegration of the inner wall, after contact with the nectar generated concomitantly in the mesophyll. Combretum lanceolatum is unique within the genus in its production of jelly pellets instead of liquid nectar. A new term, the jelly-flower, is proposed for flowers with this kind of reward. The pellet is not replaced once removed by a bird, and thus resembles a fruit in its availability to consumers, another unique feature that distinguishes this species within the genus. The jelly pellets offered by the many flowered branches attract a great diversity of bird visitors (28 species from eight families), which feed on this copious food resource and pollinate the flowers. The most effective pollinators probably are thrushes, tanagers, and orioles. Flocking parakeets and macaws sometimes feed on the petals, thus acting as flower plunderers. Combretum lanceolatum presents a high fruit set under natural conditions, which likely favours its spreading and becoming a weed species. Received July 11, 2000 Accepted November 18, 2000     

Using phylogeny to investigate the origins of the Cape flora: the importance of taxonomic, gene and genome sampling strategies

Phylogenetic methods hold great promise for the reconstruction of the transition from precursor to modern flora and the identification of underlying factors which drive the process. The phylogenetic methods presently used to address the question of the origin of the Cape flora of South Africa are considered here. The sampling requirements of each of these methods, which include dating of diversifications using calibrated molecular trees, sister pair comparisons, lineage through time plots and biogeographical optimizations, are reviewed. Sampling of genes, genomes and species are considered. Although increased higher-level studies and increased sampling are required for robust interpretation, it is clear that much progress is already made. It is argued that despite the remarkable richness of the flora, the Cape flora is a valuable model system to demonstrate the utility of phylogenetic methods in determining the history of a modern flora.