Some New Aspects of 2 × 2 Table Measures and Their Applications

The paper deals with the analysis of 2 × 2 table measures and describes several new possibilities for applying them. An estimate is given for HELLMICH's asymmetric K-measure and a possible extension of the contingency concept in a special 2×2 case is presented. The concept introduced and the recommended computer application of the 2×2 table measures is supported by new results obtained for the relationship between jaw joint pains and noises examined earlier by F. SCHMID and C. ZSCHEGE. With a larger number of observations the opportunity arises for a deeper analysis of this dental problem using path analysis. The plan of evaluation and the conncetion between the variables examined is illustrated by a path-diagram. The association tables determined on the basis of the (C) values introduced during the examination of jaw joint disturbances using association analysis draw attention to the special role of the left side of mastication. The paper raises ideas for further generalisations and indicates where further research is needed.     

Immunosuppressive activity of antamanide and some of its analogues

In connection with our discovery of a strong immunosuppressive activity of cyclolinopeptide A (CLA), we investigated immunosuppressive properties of antamanide and a number of its analogues, including symmetrical antamanide, and compared them with the activities of cyclosporin A and CLA. The peptides were investigated by using plaque forming cell (PFC), graft-versus-host (GvH), delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), and autologous rosette formation cell (ARFC) tests. Antamanide and symmetrical antamanide exhibit an immunosuppressive activity lower than CLA. Linear antamanide fragments are also active. At higher concentrations of the latter peptides, toxic effects occur.     

Synthesis and biological characterisation of novel dithiocarbamate containing 5-nitroimidazole Tc-complexes as potential agents for targeting hypoxia

With the aim to develop new potential ^99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals for imaging hypoxia based on the formation of Tc-nitrido complexes, two novel dithiocarbamate containing metronidazole derivatives (L1 and L2) have been prepared and characterised. The synthesis of L1 and L2 was achieved in excellent yield and high purity. Labelling with ^99mTc was successfully performed using a low ligand concentration (approximately 2-3 mg) and the desired products were obtained with high radiochemical purity (>90%). Lipophilicity, plasma protein binding, and biodistribution in normal- and tumour-bearing-CD1 mice studies were performed to asses the potentiality for nuclear medicine oncology. According to the physicochemical and biological behaviour both in healthy animals and in animals bearing solid tumours complex dtcTc1 could be considered as a starting point for the development of new radiopharmaceuticals for imaging hypoxia.     

Synthesis of novel triplet drugs with 1,3,5-trioxazatriquinane skeletons and their pharmacologies. 1: Synthesis of triplet drugs with morphinan skeletons

We synthesized symmetrical and nonsymmetrical triplet drugs with 1,3,5-trioxazatriquinane skeletons. The isolation of key intermediates, oxazoline dimers, made it possible to effectively produce nonsymmetrical triplets. Among the synthesized triplets, KNT-93, composed of three identical opioid μ receptor agonists, showed dose-dependent antinociception via the μ receptor. The effect was 56-fold more potent than that of morphine, a representative μ agonist. The profound analgesic effect induced by KNT-93 might result from simultaneous occupation of three μ opioid receptors.     

对称性肢端角化病临床研究-附9例报道

目的:报道一组以肢端出现对称性、棕褐色、角化过度性斑片病例,探讨发病原因和治疗方法。方法:系统收集自2012年10月至2016年6月期间诊疗的以对称性肢端角化性皮损为表现的9例患者的临床资料,包括年龄、性别、职业、家族成员情况、临床表现、皮损组织病理学改变、治疗、治疗转归等。结果:9例患者中男8例,女1例,平均年龄27.4岁(13~43岁),病程2个月至15年,平均(4.5±4.3)年。有1例男性患者有一同胞姐姐有类似病史。临床主要表现为红褐色角化性斑片,每年7、8月开始发病,10月左右开始缓解并渐完全消退。部分手部有轻度瘙痒不适。皮肤组织病理学检查表现为明显的网篮状角化过度,轻度乳头瘤样增生,真皮浅层血管周围稀疏淋巴细胞浸润。1例用异维A酸治疗短期有效。结论:对称性肢端角化病主要以肢端出现对称性角化斑为主,常伴随寻常型鱼鳞病;遗传因素和环境因素在发病中的作用有待阐述;异维A酸可作为一种治疗选择。     

The binary phase behavior of 1, 3-dipalmitoyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1, 2-dipalmitoyl-3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol

The binary phase behavior of purified 1, 3-dipalmitoyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycerol (PSP) and 1, 2-dipalmitoyl-3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol (PPS) was investigated at a very slow (0.1 °C/min) and a relatively fast (3.0 °C/min) cooling rate. Mixtures with molar fractions of 0.1 increments were studied in terms of melting and crystallization, polymorphism, solid fat content (SFC), hardness and microstructure. Only the α-form of a double chain length (DCL) structure was detected for all mixtures in both experiments. The kinetic phase diagram, constructed using heating DSC thermograms, displayed two distinct behaviors separated by a singularity at the 0.5_PSP composition: a eutectic in the X_PSP ≤ 0.5 and a monotectic in the X_PSP ≤ 0.5 concentration region. The singularity was attributed to the formation of a 1:1 (mol:mol) molecular compound. Apart from the segment from 0.0_PSP to the eutectic point, X_E, the simulation of the liquidus line using a model based on the Hildebrand equation suggested that the molecular interactions are strong and tend to favor the formation of unlike pairs in the liquid state and that the miscibility is not significantly dependent on cooling rate. The kinetic effects are manifest in all measured properties, particularly dramatically in the X_PSP ≤ X_E concentration region. An analysis of induction time as measured by pulse nuclear magnetic resonance (pNMR) showed that PPS retards crystal growth, an effect which can explain the peculiarity of this concentration region. At both cooling rates, fit of the SFC (%) versus time curves to a modified form of the Avrami model revealed two common growth modes for all the mixtures. The polarized light microscope (PLM) of the PSP-PPS mixtures revealed networks made of spherulitic crystallites of size, growth direction and boundaries that are varied and sensitive to composition and cooling rate. The change in the microstructure and final SFC (%), particularly noticeable at compositions close to the eutectic, explain in part the differences seen in relative hardness.     

Symmetrical linear Co3 chains cocooned by two polypyridylamide ligands: How do they compare to open chains?

Two extended metal atom chain (EMAC) compounds having a symmetrical Co₃⁶⁺ metal chain encapsulated by two N,N′-bis[(6′-pyrid-2″-yl)aminopyrid-2′yl]-bismethyl-2,6-diaminopyridinate (mpeptea) ligands have been prepared in good yield, and they have been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography, magnetic and electrochemical measurements and spectroscopic techniques. For the EMAC [Co₃(mpeptea)₂]Cl₂ two solvates have been crystallized. Anion exchange has also allowed isolation of [Co₃(mpeptea)₂](BPh₄)₂. In these three species the Co₃⁶⁺ units are cocooned within two polypyridine ligands having nine nitrogen atoms although only seven of these coordinate to the metal centers. The cations [Co₃(mpeptea)₂]²⁺ are similar and have Co ··· Co separations of ca. 2.3 Å at 213 K. These distances are consistent with partial bond formation between Co atoms. Electrochemical measurements show a unique one-electron oxidation process that differs from that in open chain species which show two reversible oxidation processes. At 300 K, the χT value is 7.32 emu K mol⁻¹ but this value drops to 1.47 emu K mol⁻¹ as the temperature is lowered to 2 K. The X-band EPR spectra for Co₃(mpeptea)₂²⁺ show g values of 2.3 at room temperature. The magnetic behavior is quite different from that in compounds with open Co₃⁶⁺ units. A discussion is provided.     

Lithium treatment of Nicotiana tabacum microspores blocks polar nuclear migration,disrupts the partitioning of membrane-associated Ca2+, and induces symmetrical mitosis

We have found that the normal developmental pathway of Nicotiana tabacum microspores is blocked or switched when microspores are exposed to lithium, and these effects are reversible with Ca²⁺ and myo-inositol. Normal development was defined by the following characteristics: changes in microspore shape from spherical to oval and then ellipsoid; two nuclear displacements, first from a central location to the cell periphery, and then from the periphery to the generative pole; a localization of membrane-associated Ca²⁺ at the generative pole preceding nuclear division; and, finally, an asymmetrical mitosis that results in a two-celled pollen grain with well-differentiated generative and vegetative nuclei. Lithium treatment blocked the localization of membrane-associated Ca²⁺ at the generative pole, and instead it was evenly distributed at both poles. Lithium treatment also blocked the asymmetrical positioning of the microspore nucleus at the generative pole and resulted in an approximately four-fold increase in the frequency of symmetrical mitosis. When Ca²⁺ and myo-inositol were added along with lithium, the effects were substantially decreased, and there was only a small increase in the frequency of symmetrical mitosis compared with controls. The timing of treatment was important; microspores isolated before the first nuclear displacement had a low frequency of further development, while microspores isolated immediately preceding the onset of mitosis were much less sensitive to lithium, and the result was only a small increase in the frequency of symmetrical mitosis. In microspores isolated after the first nuclear displacement, a 1-day exposure to lithium was sufficient to switch the developmental pathway from an asymmetrical to a symmetrical mitosis while still allowing limited further development. However, we have not optimized culturing conditions for embryogenesis and the furthest development observed after a 1-week culture was to four- or five-celled proembryo-like structures.     

Developmental features of protophloem sieve elements in roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Summary Protophloem sieve elements (PSEs) in roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are arranged in single vertical files. The number of PSEs within the files increases by symmetrical divisions, which take place after the completion of asymmetrical (formative) divisions and before the initiation of differentiation. The divisions are preceded by well defined pre-prophase bands (PPB) of microtubules, which surround the nucleus in an equatorial position. In the cytoplasmic region between the nuclear surface and the PPB, perinuclear and endoplasmic microtubules were observed. The perinuclear microtubules are considered as part of the developing spindle, while the endoplasmic ones interlink the perinuclear microtubules with the PPB. Dividing cells do not show any signs of incipient differentiation. The first and most reliable indication of a commencing differentiation is provided by the sieve-element plastids that begin to accumulate dense crystalloid inclusions in the very young PSEs. In mature PSEs plastids contain two kinds of crystalloid inclusions, dense and thin, in a translucent stroma. Depending on the plastid-inclusions criterion it was shown that: (a) the PSEs of a given root do not initiate differentiation at exactly the same stage, (b) the developmental sequence extends to a span of 7–9 actively differentiating PSEs arranged in a single vertical file, and (c) each PSE needs about 16–21 h to pass through the whole developmental sequence. In the last two differentiating PSEs of a file, mitochondria were found to be enveloped by single cisternae of ER. The association is temporary as it is lost in the first PSEs with an autolysed lumen. During differentiation, Golgi bodies were abundant and active in producing vesicles involved in cell wall development. Golgi vesicles were also found among the microtubules of the PPB, but no local thickening was observed. Golgi bodies disorganize in the last stages of autolysis and disappear in mature sieve elements.Abbreviations ER endoplasmic reticulum - MSE metaphloem sieve element - PPB pre-prophase band - PSE protophloem sieve element Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Eberhard Schnepf on the occasion of his retirement     

四肢手足对称多指趾发育的基因特征与显微镜手术预后的相关性

目的:探讨四肢手足对称多指趾发育的基因特征与显微镜手术预后的相关性。方法:2016年2月至2020年1月选择在本院诊治的四肢手足对称多指趾患儿110例作为研究对象,所有患儿都给予显微手术治疗,记录预后情况。采用PCR方法检测HOXD13基因突变情况并进行相关性分析。结果:在110例患儿中,HOXD13基因突变45例,突变率为40.9%。突变组的性别、年龄、体重指数、血压、Wassel分型等与非突变组对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后3个月突变组的疗效优良率为77.8%,显著低于非突变组的96.9%(P<0.05)。术后3个月突变组的肌腱粘连、切口感染、皮肤坏死、指趾间关节偏斜等并发症发生率为28.9%,显著高于非突变组的3.1%(P<0.05)。Pearson分析显示HOXD13基因突变与预后疗效、并发症等都存在相关性(P<0.05);多因素logistic回归分析分析显示HOXD13基因突变也是影响患儿预后疗效、并发症的主要因素(P<0.05)。结论:四肢手足对称多指趾患儿多伴随有HOXD13基因突变,显微手术具有很好的可行性,HOXD13基因突变与显微手术预后有显著相关性。