Avian fitness consequences match habitat selection at the nest‐site and landscape scale in agriculturally fragmented landscapes

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辽宁鸟类分布新记录5种:小鸦鹃、雪鹀、 红翅凤头鹃、宝兴歌鸫和黄眉姬鹟北大核心CSCD

近年来,随着观鸟活动和鸟类科研工作在辽宁的持续开展(Baietal.2015,汤姆·滨客2016),辽宁各地不断发现鸟种分布新记录种(白清泉等2019)。2012至2020年间,在丹东、大连、抚顺等市先后发现小鸦鹃(Centropus bengalensis)、雪鹀(Plectrophenax nivalis)、红翅凤头鹃(Clamator coromandus)、宝兴歌鸫(Turdus mupinensis)和黄眉姬鹟(Ficedula narcissina)5种,经查阅相关资料(邱英杰等2006,郑光美2017),确定为辽宁省鸟类分布新记录种。     

西藏墨脱地区6种鸟类种和亚种的新分布记录

2018年10月至2021年10月,在西藏墨脱县开展鸟类多样性调查期间记录到6种鸟类新分布,分别是大蓝仙鹟 (Cyornis magnirostris)、黄嘴角鸮 (Otus spilocephalus)、金胸雀鹛指名亚种 (Lioparus chrysotis chrysotis)、细嘴钩嘴鹛Sintextus亚种 (Pomatorhinus superciliaris intextus)、白喉姬鹟指名亚种 (Anthipes monileger monileger)、棕胸雅鹛assamense亚种 (Trichastoma tickelli assamense)。     

河北平山发现锈胸蓝姬鹟

正2015年6月22日,在河北省平山县驼梁国家级自然保护区驼峰附近的华北落叶松林内(113°49′33″E,38°44′59″N,海拔2 056 m)观察到1雌1雄2只鹟科鸟类。雌鸟上体橄榄褐色,两翼各具1道棕白色的翼斑;喉部、胸部浅褐色,并略带皮黄;尾上覆羽沾棕色;眼周白色,嘴黑褐色。雄鸟上体暗蓝灰色,喉、上胸、两胁橙红色,腹部颜色逐渐变白,尾近黑色。发现时,雌鸟往返飞行于落叶松枝和地面进行觅食;雄鸟在落叶松上部的树枝上频繁地鸣唱。经查阅文献(约翰·马敬能等2000,曲利明2014,Clement et al.2016),确定该鸟种为锈胸蓝姬鹟(Ficedula hodgsonii)(图1)。     

Diet composition influences annual breeding success of Montagu's Harriers Circus pygargus feeding on diverse prey

Capsule Three similarly sized passerine species with various breeding strategies behaved differently in the presence of models of mammalian and avian predators.

Aims We tested whether solitary breeders behave in the presence of a predator in order to avoid disclosing their nest site in: hole-nesting Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca, shrub-nesting Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla and ground-nesting Meadow Pipit Anthus pratensis.

Methods The behaviour of parents in response to two types of predator model (visually oriented Corvid birds and olfactory oriented Mustelid mammals) placed sequentially at 40, 5 and 1 m distance from the nest was recorded from a shelter.

Results The hypothesis was supported in open-nesting species (Meadow Pipit and Blackcap), as parents did not approach the nest in the presence of a predator. In the hole-nesting Pied Flycatcher the parents disclosed the nest site in most cases (by entering the nest). The intensity of alarm calling increased with decreasing distance of a predator from the nest in all species except Meadow Pipit in the presence of Raven Corvus corax models. The intensity of attacking changed only in Meadow Pipit with decreasing distance of Stoat Mustela erminea from the nest.

Conclusion The results showed that anti-predator behaviour was species-specific, depending on type of predator, habitat and nest inaccessibility.     

Breeding success and nest-site characteristics of Red-breasted Flycatchers Ficedula parva in a primeval forest

Capsule Predation is a major factor influencing the breeding success of Red-breasted Flycatchers under natural conditions.

Aims To examine the breeding success of Red-breasted Flycatchers in relation to nest-site characteristics and time of breeding.

Methods Data were collected during seven breeding seasons under natural conditions in Bia?owie?a National Park. We used survival time analysis to estimate changes in survival probability over time and breeding success in relation to first-egg date and nest-site characteristics.

Results Offspring fledged successfully from 51% of clutches, but the Kaplan–Meier estimate of survival was lower at 0.43. Of the unsuccessful clutches, 82% were lost to predators. The highest probability of loss was during egg-laying and in the second half of incubation. Breeding success was influenced by the height of the nest above the ground, but no relation to other nest-site characteristics was found.

Conclusion To avoid predation Red-breasted Flycatchers build nests in various sites that are more open than most cavity-nesting species. The position of the nest-sites allows the sitting female to observe her surroundings and to escape rapidly from the nest, giving the chance for a replacement clutch.     

Patterns of dawn singing by Buff-breasted Flycatchers

ABSTRACT.   Many passerine species exhibit a "dawn chorus"—a bout of intense singing activity before or at dawn, but our understanding of this phenomenon is poor. Tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae) exhibit pronounced daily bouts of dawn singing. I documented this behavior in several populations of Buff-breasted Flycatchers ( Empidonax fulvifrons ) in Arizona, tape recording >30,000 songs of 23 individuals during dawn singing. Individual males sang a dawn bout each morning, even during breeding phases when daytime song was almost completely absent. Dawn bouts began 5–10 min before local civil twilight and continued for 25–30 min. Each male possessed two song types delivered at high rates during dawn singing (four times the rate during sustained daytime singing). Song rate varied significantly over the course of dawn bouts, increasing to 55 songs / min at mid-bout, then declining to the end of the bout. Type 2 songs comprised about 30% of songs during dawn singing, and decreased significantly in proportion during the final 10 min of the bout. Songs of the two types were delivered in a nonrandom fashion. Males sang at locations near territory boundaries and pairs of neighbors engaged in counter-singing from the same locations each morning. A number of dawn singing bouts ended with attempted or successful copulations. These observations are consistent with the social dynamics hypothesis for the functional significance of dawn singing in this species.     

湖北巴东寿带鸟繁殖行为观察

20 0 2年 5月～ 2 0 0 4年 8月 ,在湖北省巴东县沿渡河镇的东圩口、小溪、锯锯湾、两河口等 4个村 ,对寿带鸟 (Terpsiphoneparadisiincei)的繁殖生态进行了初步研究。研究结果显示 ,寿带鸟在湖北巴东的繁殖时间为 5月下旬～ 7月上旬 ,主要在农田居民区附近的阔叶树上营巢 ,巢材主要有青苔、草叶、草茎、细草根、棕丝、树耳、蜘蛛网等。筑巢工作主要由雌鸟承担 ,一般需要 5～ 7d即可完成。巢距离地面高度1 72～ 6 45m ,巢外径 6 0～ 8 8cm ,巢内径 4 9～ 6 4cm ,巢深 2 9～ 4 1cm ,巢高 6 3～ 9 5cm。雌鸟每天产 1枚卵 ,产卵时间均在清晨。窝卵数 4枚 (n =1 1 ) ,卵产齐后即开始孵化 ,雌雄鸟轮流孵卵 ,孵化期 1 3d。雏鸟晚成性 ,雌雄共同育雏 ,育雏期 9d。寿带鸟对不同的外界干扰反应明显不同 ,当有对其卵和雏鸟构成威胁的动物接近时 ,护巢行为表现十分强烈 ;而对其没有威胁的物种接近其巢时则无动于衷。面对同样的干扰 ,雌雄亲鸟的反应存在显著差异。     

Floating mist nets: a technique for capturing birds in flooded habitat

ABSTRACT.   Banding birds is essential for detailed demographic studies of avian populations. Mist nets are a widely used, effective method of capturing birds for banding, but are difficult to use under certain conditions. While conducting a demographic study of Southwestern Willow Flycatchers ( Empidonax traillii extimus ), rising reservoir levels flooded large tracts of flycatcher breeding habitat and made traditional mist-netting techniques impossible to use. In response, we devised a technique for capturing birds over deep water using mist nets suspended between poles kept afloat on compact buoys. In 2005, we used this technique to safely capture 17 Willow Flycatchers that could not have been captured by any other means, and over 40 additional passerines were incidentally captured with no injuries occurring. This versatile apparatus was simple to build and employ, and capture success was similar to that over dry land.     

Natal origins and timing of migration of two passerine species through the southern Alps: inferences from multiple stable isotopes (δ2H, δ13C, δ15N, δ34S) and ringing data

Understanding spatial linkages between areas used by migratory animals during the annual cycle is fundamental to their conservation. Stable isotope measurements of animal tissues can be a valuable tool in understanding spatial connectivity and migration phenology of migratory wildlife. We inferred natal origins of two migratory passerines, European Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca and European Robin Erithacus rubecula, captured during autumn migration in the Italian Alps, by combining feather δ²H (δ²H_f) and ring recovery data. We used a spatially explicit likelihood-based method to assign individuals to a precipitation δ²H surface calibrated to represent feather δ²H, together with the directional probability of origin from ring recoveries. The highest probabilities of origin for most individuals of both species were in central and north-eastern Europe. Seasonal trends in δ²H_f, which described the species’ migratory phenology through the Italian Alps, were correlated with feather δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N and δ³⁴S values, indicating strong spatial discrimination related to continental patterns for these isotopes. We demonstrate how this combined information can define catchment areas and migratory connectivity of birds intercepted in the Alps. We highlight the importance of ringing data in defining directional priors to define Bayesian-based probability surfaces using continental δ²H_f isoscapes, and how such information can be used to inform estimates of migratory connectivity.