Probiotic effect of lactic acid bacteria in the feed on growth and survival of fry of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

A growing concern for the high consumption of antibiotics in aquaculture has initiated a search for alternative methods of disease control. Improved resistance against infectious diseases can be achieved by the use of probiotics. Probiotics are live microorganisms supplemented in food or feed which give beneficial effects on the intestinal microbial balance. In the present study a dry feed containing lactic acid bacteria (Carnobacterium divergens) isolated from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)intestines was given to cod fry. After three weeks of feeding the fry was exposed to a virulent strain of Vibrio anguillarum. The death rate was recorded during further three weeks of feeding with lactic acid bacteria supplemented feed. A certain improvement of disease resistance was obtained, and at the end of the experiment lactic acid bacteria dominated the intestinal flora in surviving fish given feed supplemented with lactic acid bacteria. No obvious growth inhibition of V. anguillarum was observed in an in vitro mixed culture of this bacterium and the C. divergens isolated from cod intestines. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Beneficial microbiota. Probiotics and pharmaceutical products in functional nutrition and medicine

The article is mainly devoted to such representatives of gut microbiota as lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria, with minor accent on less frequently used or new probiotic microorganisms. Positive effects in treatment and prevention of diseases by different microbial groups, their metabolites and mechanisms of action, management and market of probiotic products are considered.     

四株儿茶酚类铁载体高产菌株产消化酶活性及其益生特性

【背景】儿茶酚类铁载体对胃肠道菌群的生长代谢具有重要作用,研究儿茶酚类铁载体高产菌株的消化酶活性,挖掘其潜在益生特性具有重要意义。【目的】分析4株分离自健康成人粪样的儿茶酚类铁载体高产菌的产酶特性,通过分析菌株耐酸耐胆盐能力、粘附定殖能力、抗生素耐受性和急性毒性研究其益生特性。【方法】测定4株菌的蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、纤维素酶、植酸酶、乳糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的酶活性。4株菌经人工模拟胃、肠液连续培养后分别计算其活菌数;分析4株菌的自凝集率、黏蛋白粘附率和表面疏水率;对小鼠连续7 d灌胃不同剂量的4株高产菌,观察并记录小鼠的一般体征,计算小鼠脏器指数,进行阳性细菌移位试验。【结果】在试验所测的7种消化酶中,E. coli Gut 07、E. coli Gut 12无蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性,B. cereus Gut 16无乳糖酶活性,E. coli Gut 20无蛋白酶活性,其余均具有。4株菌经人工模拟胃液培养6h后存活率均大于60%,转移到人工模拟肠液培养24 h后活菌数均大于初始菌落数;该4株菌具备在胃肠道中粘附定殖的能力,对大多数抗生素敏感,在浓度低于4.5×10~(11)CFU/m L、灌胃剂量为20m L/kg-bw时对小鼠无急性毒性,无阳性菌株移位现象。【结论】4株儿茶酚类铁载体高产菌株可作为潜在益生菌进行进一步的安全性和功能性研究。     

Description of Bacillus toyonensis sp. nov., a novel species of the Bacillus cereus group,and pairwise genome comparisons of the species of the group by means of ANI calculations

Strain BCT-7112^T was isolated in 1966 in Japan from a survey designed to obtain naturally occurring microorganisms as pure cultures in the laboratory for use as probiotics in animal nutrition. This strain, which was primarily identified as Bacillus cereus var toyoi, has been in use for more than 30 years as the active ingredient of the preparation TOYOCERIN^®, an additive for use in animal nutrition (e.g. swine, poultry, cattle, rabbits and aquaculture). Despite the fact that the strain was initially classified as B. cereus, it showed significant genomic differences from the type strains of the B. cereus group that were large enough (ANI values below 92%) to allow it to be considered as a different species within the group. The polyphasic taxonomic study presented here provides sufficient discriminative parameters to classify BCT-7112^T as a new species for which the name Bacillus toyonensis sp. nov. is proposed, with BCT-7112^T (=CECT 876^T; =NCIMB 14858^T) being designated as the type strain. In addition, a pairwise comparison between the available genomes of the whole B. cereus group by means of average nucleotide identity (ANI) calculations indicated that besides the eight classified species (including B. toyonensis), additional genomospecies could be detected, and most of them also had ANI values below 94%. ANI values were on the borderline of a species definition only in the cases of representatives of B. cereus versus B. thuringiensis, and B. mycoides and B. weihenstephanensis.     

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG conditioned media modulates acute reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in J774 murine macrophages

Phagocytes such as macrophages are capable of detecting and killing pathogenic bacteria by producing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Formation of free radicals in macrophages may be regulated by probiotics or by factors released by probiotics but yet to be identified. Thus, studies were carried out to determine whether cell-free conditioned medium obtained from cultures of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG-CM) regulate production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or nitric oxide (NO) in macrophages. J774 macrophages in culture were loaded with either H₂DCFDA for monitoring ROS or with DAFFM-DA for NO detection. Free radical production was measured on a fluorescence microplate reader and changes were analysed by Cumulative sum (CuSum) calculations. Low concentration of LGG-CM (10% LGG-CM) or LPS did not cause any significant change in basal levels of ROS or NO production. In contrast, high concentration of LGG-CM (75% and 100%) significantly enhanced ROS generation but also significantly reduced NO level. These findings are novel and suggest for the first time that probiotics may release factors in culture which enhance ROS production and may additionally reduce deleterious effects associated with excessive nitrogen species by suppressing NO level. These events may account, in part, for the beneficial bactericidal and anti-inflammatory actions ascribed to probiotics and may be of clinical relevance.     

一株源自人体阴道抗真菌的 优势乳杆菌的分离、筛选及鉴定

摘要：目的 筛选并鉴定出可以抗真菌且益生特性优良的乳杆菌菌株,为研制预防和治疗人体真菌性阴道炎症的微生态制剂奠定坚实的理论基础。方法 利用经典的微生物方法,将健康人体阴道内乳杆菌分离出来;利用发酵工程学、细胞生物学以及药理学方法,将分离出的乳杆菌中益生特性优良且可以抑制白假丝酵母菌的优势菌株筛选出来,利用分子生物学方法,将筛选出的优良乳杆菌菌株进行鉴定。结果 筛选出1株产酸性能优良,产过氧化氢,具有较强黏附能力,且能够抑制白假丝酵母菌的优势乳杆菌菌株,此菌株经鉴定为Lactobacillus crispatus。结论 本实验从健康人体阴道内分离、筛选并鉴定出的1株可抗真菌性能优良乳杆菌菌株SQ004,具有制备预防和治疗人体真菌性阴道炎症微生态制剂主要菌株的条件。     

Probiotic properties of Lactobacillus strains isolated from the feces of breast-fed infants and Taiwanese pickled cabbage

This study assessed potential probiotic Lactobacillus strains isolated from the feces of breast-fed infants and from Taiwanese pickled cabbage for their possible use in probiotic fermented foods by evaluating their (i) in vitro adhesive ability, resistance to biotic stress, resistance to pathogenic bacteria, and production of β-galactosidase; (ii) milk technological properties; and (iii) in vivo adhesive ability, intestinal survival and microbial changes during and after treatment. Five Lactobacillus isolates identified as Lactobacillus reuteri F03, Lactobacillus paracasei F08, Lactobacillus rhamnosus F14, Lactobacillus plantarum C06, and Lactobacillus acidophilus C11 that showed resistance to gastric juice and bile salts were selected for further evaluation of their probiotic properties. All the strains demonstrated the ability to adhere to Caco-2 cells, particularly, strain L. plantarum C06 and L. reuteri F03 showed satisfactory abilities, which were similar to that of the reference strain L. rhamnosus GG. The strains L. paracasei F08 and L. acidophilus C11 had the highest β-galactosidase activity. Most of the strains were resistant to aminoglycosides and vancomycin but sensitive to ampicillin, erythromycin, and penicillin. All the 5 strains elicited antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) and -negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica) pathogens. Moreover, the strains L. reuteri F03, L. paracasei F08, and L. plantarum C06 could grow rapidly in milk without nutrient supplementation and reached 10? cfu/mL after 24 h of fermentation at 37 °C. The viable cell counts of the 3 strains remained above 10? cfu/mL after 21 d of storage at 4 °C. In the animal feeding trial, the number of intestinal lactobacilli increased significantly after administration of milk fermented with the 3 strains, and the counts of fecal coliforms and Clostridium perfringens were markedly reduced. Lactobacillus strains could also survive in the ileal intestinal tissue of the treated rats. Technologically interesting Lactobacillus isolates may be used in the future as probiotic starter cultures for manufacturing novel fermented foods.     

一株功能型益生菌对肉鸡生产性能的影响

实验选用3日龄AA肉鸡14 000只,随机分成2组,实验组口服功能型微生态制剂,空白对照组不饲喂任何微生态制剂,全程跟踪监测。结果表明,肉鸡在口服功能型益生菌制剂后表现出三大特点:(1)肉鸡生长加快,鸡群整齐度与均匀度有所改善,出栏平均重提高9.5%;(2)肠道环境有所改善,饲料利用率提高,实验组比对照组料肉比降低2.16%;(3)实验组鸡群可提前3~5 d出栏。