Exposure to developing females induces polyuria, polydipsia, and altered urinary levels of creatinine, 17β-estradiol, and testosterone in adult male mice (Mus musculus)

Novel male mice can accelerate reproductive maturation in proximal developing females, an effect mediated by the chemistry of the males' urine. Exogenous estrogens can similarly accelerate female sexual development. In Experiment 1, adult male mice were housed across wire grid from either empty compartments or those containing post-weanling females. Proximity of females caused males to urinate more, progressively over days of exposure, with most urination directed towards females' compartments. Male urine collected after 5 days in these conditions was analyzed by enzyme immunoassay for 17β-estradiol, testosterone, and creatinine. Urinary creatinine of isolated males significantly exceeded that of female-exposed males. Unadjusted urinary steroids also trended toward higher levels in isolates, but creatinine-adjusted estradiol and testosterone of female-exposed males significantly exceeded that of isolated males. In Experiment 2, measurement of water consumption indicated significantly greater drinking by female-exposed as opposed to isolated males. In Experiment 3, males were housed in isolation or beside post-weanling intact (sham-operated) females, ovariectomized females, or intact (sham-operated) males. Male water consumption was elevated in all conditions involving social contact. Urinary creatinine was significantly lower in female-exposed males compared to isolated controls, while unadjusted testosterone was significantly lower in males in all social conditions. Again, creatinine-adjusted estradiol in female-exposed males significantly exceeded that of isolates. These data indicate that adult males drink and urinate more, have more dilute urine, and have a higher ratio of estradiol to creatinine when they are near developing females. These dynamics increase females' exposure to urinary steroids and other urinary constituents that can hasten sexual maturity.     

D-半乳糖致亚急性衰老大鼠尿液排泄情况观察及其多尿机制探讨

目的观察D-半乳糖(D-gal)致亚急性衰老大鼠在尿液排泄方面的特点并探讨其多尿症状机制。方法在初筛合格的SD大鼠颈背部皮下注射浓度为5%的D-gal生理盐水溶液125mg/(kg·d)连续8周。观察动物在造模期间和停止造模后两周内24h总尿量及水负荷后排尿情况的变化;通过测定模型动物尿中K+、Na+、CL-浓度,血中ALD、ADH、ANP浓度及肾脏病理形态学观察,探讨模型动物24h总尿量增加的机制。结果与正常对照组相比较,模型组动物24h总尿量明显增加;水负荷后6h内排尿潜伏期明显缩短,排尿次数明显增多,但总尿量没有明显差异;模型动物尿中Na+、CL-浓度明显升高,K+浓度明显降低;血浆ALD、ADH含量显著降低,ANP含量显著增加,肾脏出现一系列硬化特征。结论 D-gal致亚急性衰老大鼠出现的总尿量增加和排尿次数增多的情况可能与其ADH、ALD、ANP合成与分泌异常及肾脏病理形态学改变有关。     

Clopidogrel attenuates lithium-induced alterations in renal water and sodium channels/transporters in mice

Lithium (Li) administration causes deranged expression and function of renal aquaporins and sodium channels/transporters resulting in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). Extracellular nucleotides (ATP/ADP/UTP), via P2 receptors, regulate these transport functions. We tested whether clopidogrel bisulfate (CLPD), an antagonist of ADP-activated P2Y₁₂ receptor, would affect Li-induced alterations in renal aquaporins and sodium channels/transporters. Adult mice were treated for 14 days with CLPD and/or Li and euthanized. Urine and kidneys were collected for analysis. When administered with Li, CLPD ameliorated polyuria, attenuated the rise in urine prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and resulted in significantly higher urinary arginine vasopressin (AVP) and aldosterone levels as compared to Li treatment alone. However, urine sodium excretion remained elevated. Semi-quantitative immunoblotting revealed that CLPD alone increased renal aquaporin 2 (AQP2), Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2), Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC), and the subunits of the epithelial Na channel (ENaC) in medulla by 25–130 %. When combined with Li, CLPD prevented downregulation of AQP2, Na-K-ATPase, and NKCC2 but was less effective against downregulation of cortical α- or γ-ENaC (70 kDa band). Thus, CLPD primarily attenuated Li-induced downregulation of proteins involved in water conservation (AVP-sensitive), with modest effects on aldosterone-sensitive proteins potentially explaining sustained natriuresis. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy revealed strong labeling for P2Y₁₂-R in proximal tubule brush border and blood vessels in the cortex and less intense labeling in medullary thick ascending limb and the collecting ducts. Therefore, there is the potential for CLPD to be directly acting at the tubule sites to mediate these effects. In conclusion, P2Y₁₂-R may represent a novel therapeutic target for Li-induced NDI.     

温补肾阳法治疗肾阳虚模型大鼠多尿症状的机制研究

摘要 目的：探讨温补肾阳法治疗肾阳虚模型大鼠多尿症状的作用机制。方法：90只雄性SD大鼠随机分成干预组、抑制剂组、空白组、模型组,干预组根据中药剂量分为高剂量组、中剂量组、低剂量组。模型组、干预组及抑制剂组接受肾阳虚模型制备,干预组在成模后每日接受7 g/kg、14 g/kg、28 g/kg剂量中药灌胃,连续灌胃14 d。抑制剂组大鼠接受尾静脉注射通路抑制剂H-89。干预结束后比较各组脏器指数、24 h尿量、24 h尿蛋白水平以及尿液钠离子（Na⁺）、钾离子（K⁺）、氯离子（Cl^-）浓度、肾脏病理变化、血清醛固酮（ALD）、乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）、促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子（CRF）、大鼠促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）、大鼠皮质醇（CORT）、蛋白激酶A（PKA）、蛋白激酶A（cAMP）含量、肾脏组织水通道蛋白2（AQP-2）蛋白表达的变化。结果：温补肾阳法可明显减少肾阳虚模型大鼠尿量,改善临床症状,且具有一定的剂量依赖性（P<0.05）。经过中药干预后大鼠24 h尿蛋白、脏器指数、尿液Na⁺、Cl^-均下降,尿液K⁺、血清ALD、ADH、CRF、ACTH、CORT、PKA、cAMP含量、肾脏组织AQP-2蛋白表达上调（P<0.05）,且抑制剂H-89可阻断该作用。结论：温补肾阳法可明显改善肾阳虚模型大鼠多尿症状,其作用机制可能通过cAMP-PKA-AQP2通路介导。