Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) accessions evaluated by SRAP and ISSR

Understanding genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships is useful for plant breeding. In this study, we assessed the genetic diversity in a panel of 84 accessions of kenaf from 26 countries using SRAP and ISSR markers. The kenaf accessions could be divided into L1 (60 cultivated varieties) and L2 (24 wild accessions) at the level of 0.145 genetic dissimilarity coefficient by UPGMA. The L₂ group was further divided into two subgroups (16 relative-wide and 9 origin wide accessions) at the level of 0.207 genetic dissimilarity. Out of the 9 wild accessions in the L₂ group, 6 were from Tanzania and the remaining 3 lines were from Kenya. These results suggest that the center of origin for kenaf might be Tanzania and Kenya.     

Multiple shoot regeneration of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) from a shoot apex culture system

 In this research, a medium was developed that would stimulate multiple shoot initiation from shoot apex explants of Hibiscus cannabinus L. (kenaf). Adventitious shoot formation on a shoot induction media supplemented with combinations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (0, 0.5, 2.3 μmol·l^–1) and thidiazuron (N-phenyl-N′-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea; TDZ) (0, 1, 5, 20 μmol·l^–1) was evaluated. Multiple shoot induction medium with 1 μmol·TDZ l^–1 resulted in the highest number of regenerated shoots per explant for all three kenaf cultivars tested (Tainung 1, Tainung 2, and Everglades 71). The 2,4-D did not enhance multiple shoot formation. Additionally, kenaf cultivars 7N and SF459 also produced multiple shoots on the induction medium with 1 μmol·TDZ l^–1. Multiple shoot clumps formed after 2 weeks in culture without callus formation. Shoots elongated and rooted within 2 weeks after subculture on a plant growth regulator-free medium. A histological study demonstrated the de novo regeneration of shoots from the shoot apex. Received: 2 February 2000 / Revision received: 30 March 2000 / Accepted: 22 June 2000     

Chemical structure of kenaf xylan

Methylation and partial acid hydrolysis of xylans from the bast and core of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) showed that the main chain of these xylans consists of (1 → 4)-linked β-d-xylopyranosyl (Xylp) residues, some of which carry a -1,2-linked 4-O-methyl-glucopyranosyluronic acid (Me-GlcAp) and glucopyranosyluronic acid (GlcAp) residues as side chains. Partial hydrolysis of kenaf xylans afforded two series of aldouronic acids from aldobio- to aldotetraouronic acids. The acids of the first series composed of 4-O-Me-d-GlcAp and d-Xylp residues: 4-O-Me-GlcA-Xyl₃, 4-O-Me-GlcA-Xyl₂ and 4-O-Me-GlcA-Xyl. The second series composed of d-GlcAp and d-Xylp: GlcA-Xyl₃, GlcA-Xyl₂ and GlcA-Xyl.

In addition to these acids, another aldobiouronic acid, 4-O-(-d-GalAp)-d-Xyl was found to be present in the partial hydrolysate.

The molar ratio of GalA, GlcA, 4-O-Me-GlcA, and Xyl residues was calculated to be 1.0:2.0:9.4:119 for the bast xylan and 1.0:1.3:7.9:99.4 for the core xylan.     

RAPD双引物在构建红麻连锁图谱中的应用研究

以阿联红麻（Alian Kenaf）与福红992（Fuhong992）杂交产生的F2代作图群体为研究材料,分别应用RAPD单引物和双引物进行多态性条带扩增,并进行扩增效果的比较研究,以期为作图群体构建红麻遗传连锁图谱奠定基础。结果表明,RAPD双引物比单引物扩增出更多的多态性条带,提高了引物的利用率和多态性条带的扩增效率。     

Study on microbe retting of kenaf fiber

Retting is the predominant problem in the application of kenaf fiber in high-grade products. While the traditional retting method is water retting, that is, the harvested bast kenaf is immersed in natural water (rivers or tanks) in which indigenous bacteria colonize noncellulosic materials in an anaerobic process resulting in severe environmental problems and low-grade fiber, therefore it is inevitable to seek for a pollution-free or little-pollution retting method. With the more application of biotechnology in textile industry, the more biology-treatments have been researched recently. So microbe retting was employed in this work. The fungus strain was isolated from the river in which kenaf fiber was retted, then microbe retting was performed with this fungus. Substrate species, the initial pH of the culture medium, cultivation temperature, retting time and inoculum size are involved in the experiments and the evaluation of retting is based on the residual gum content in retted kenaf fiber. As a result, the removal of pectin in microbe retting of kenaf is 91.31% under the optimal retting conditions. In addition, the effective retting fungus is also observed with microscope as one kind of filamentous epiphyte.     

Interaction of Meloidogyne javanica and Macrophomina phaseoli in Kenaf Root Rot

Incidence and severity of root-rot caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseoli was increased in screenhouse-grown kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seedlings simultaneously infected by the nematode Meloidogyne javanica. In seedlings inoculated at 5, 10 and 15 days of age, root rot lesions increased 70.3, 44.1 and 21.8%, and nematode penetration increased 49.0, 36.7, and 12.3% when both fungus and nematode were present.     

The absolute configuration of (-)-3-hydroxy-alpha-calacorene

3-Hydroxy-alpha-calacorene was identified in extracts from cold-shocked seedlings of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), both of which are members of the Malvaceae family. (-)-3-Hydroxy-alpha-calacorene was isolated from Heterotheca inuloides Cass. (Asteraceae). HPLC on a chiral stationary phase column showed that the 3-hydroxy-alpha- calacorene from cotton and kenaf had the same relative configuration, while that from H. inuloides was of the opposite configuration. X-ray crystallographic analysis established the absolute configuration of the compound in H. inuloides as (8R)-(-)-3-hydroxy-alpha-calacorene.     

红麻微卫星DNA标记指纹图谱的构建

DNA指纹图谱对新品种选育、种质资源保存和管理具有重要的意义。然而,利用SSR标记构建红麻DNA指纹图谱的研究仍十分有限。在本研究中,利用课题组开发并筛选出的131对SSR引物,分析不同来源的96份红麻种质资源,包括红麻品种审定的区试对照品种福红952。结果表明,131对引物共扩增出375条带,平均每对引物扩增出2.6条带。以遗传相似系数0.614为切割线时,可以分为2个类群,52个为类群P1,44个为类群P2;以遗传相似系数0.710做切割线,可分为5个亚群。利用这131对引物标记所得的数据成功绘制了一份85个品种独特的指纹图谱,其中福红952可被HcEMS238引物特异识别。其他11份因存在遗传相似性高的现象,未被识别。上述结果为红麻品种的真实性鉴定及遗传多样性分析提供依据。     

红麻细胞质雄性不育系与保持系花药活性氧代谢差异比较

以红麻细胞质雄性不育系L23A及其保持系L23B为材料,比较其花药淀粉及可溶性糖含量变化并分析呼吸速率、活性氧产生速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及活性氧清除酶(POD、SOD)含量变化,来探讨活性氧伤害与红麻雄性不育的关系。结果表明:在小孢子发育的单核期,不育系呼吸速率与保持系差异不明显,但不育系花药O^-₂·含量高于保持系; 在双核期,不育系的呼吸速率明显低于其保持系,但不育系花药O^-₂·含量与保持系花药相近; 不育系在单核期和双核期的呼吸速率几乎没有变化,而保持系同一时期的呼吸速率呈明显增高趋势; 在不育系败育过程中,药隔维管组织中的大颗粒淀粉含量几乎不变,且不育系花药中的可溶性糖含量在单核期和双核期均低于保持系。推测是由于不育系花药中抗氰呼吸降低,一方面导致花药物质代谢和能量代谢的紊乱,不育系花药不能利用药隔组织中的淀粉粒,另一方面不能有效将细胞内过多电子通过抗氰呼吸传至O₂,引致不育花药中O^-₂·升高,从而导致MDA含量在单核期和双核期均高于保持系,同时POD的活性在单核期及双核期均低于保持系,而SOD活性在单核期高于保持系,在双核期则低于保持系。不育系花药在发育中,花药O^-₂·和MDA过量积累,以及SOD和POD酶活性降低,导致活性氧产生与清除失去平衡,花粉败育。