TCDD诱发斑马鱼胚胎shh基因表达降低及其对下颌发育的影响

2,3,7,8-四氯-二苯基-对-二恶英(2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin,TCDD)为毒性 很强的环境污染物质。用O-1．0μg／L的TCDD处理受精后24 h(24 hpf)的斑马鱼胚至观察时为止,进行了形 态学观察、基因阻断、原位杂交、TUNEL染色以及免疫学染色等实验。结果表明,TCDD处理后会引起斑马鱼 下颌短小,Shh基因在下颌部表达降低;而在芳烃基受体AhR功能阻断的胚胎中,TCDD并没有引起斑马鱼下 颌短小,同时也没有观察到Shh基因表达缺失;免疫学染色表明TCDD和Shh阻断物质Cyclopamine均可引起 斑马鱼下颌区域增殖细胞的减少。TCDD引起的下颌短小可能是首先引起以AhR为媒介的Shh表达缺失,进而 造成下颌部增殖细胞减少,最终引起下颌短小的发生     

开窗减压术与传统刮治术治疗颌骨囊肿的手术效果、生活质量和预后的对比研究

目的:对比颌骨囊肿经传统刮治术与开窗减压术治疗后的手术效果、生活质量和预后。方法:回顾性选取2016年1月～2018年7月期间我院收治的90例颌骨囊肿患者的临床资料,上述患者根据手术方式的不同分为A组(n=45,传统刮治术)和B组(n=45,开窗减压术),比较两组患者疗效、临床指标、生活质量和预后。结果:B组患者临床总有效率为97.78%(44/45),高于A组的84.44%(38/45)(P0.05)。B组患者伤口愈合时间、手术时间、均短于A组,术中出血量少于A组(P0.05)。两组患者末次随访时情绪、外貌、味觉、疼痛、唾液、咀嚼等项目评分均升高,且B组高于A组(P0.05)。B组并发症发生率、复发率均低于A组(P0.05)。结论:与传统刮治术治疗相比,开窗减压术治疗颌骨囊肿,在手术效果、生活质量和预后方面效果显著,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

Jaw and long bone marrow derived osteoclasts differ in shape and their response to bone and dentin

Increasing evidence suggests the existence of osteoclast diversity. Here we investigated whether precursors obtained from marrow of the mandibula or long bone could give rise to phenotypically different osteoclasts. Formation of multinucleated cells was assessed after culturing mouse marrow cells of the two bone types with macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL) for up to 10 days on plastic, bone or dentin. Two times more osteoclasts formed from long bone marrow cells on bone compared to dentin, whereas higher numbers of jaw osteoclasts formed on dentin. Resorption of dentin or bone was similar for osteoclasts formed from both types of precursors. In contrast to jaw marrow derived osteoclasts, long bone osteoclasts predominantly had a multi-compartmented shape, with at least two nuclei containing compartments per cell. Osteoclasts on bone contained two times more actin rings than osteoclasts on dentin, regardless of their precursor origin. However, the area per osteoclast covered by actin rings was similar (20%) for both substrates. This study suggests that marrow cells obtained from different bones give rise to different osteoclasts. The substrate on which the osteoclasts are generated plays a role in steering their formation rather than their resorption.     

Jaw muscle fiber type distribution in Hawaiian gobioid stream fishes: histochemical correlations with feeding ecology and behavior

Differences in fiber type distribution in the axial muscles of Hawaiian gobioid stream fishes have previously been linked to differences in locomotor performance, behavior, and diet across species. Using ATPase assays, we examined fiber types of the jaw opening sternohyoideus muscle across five species, as well as fiber types of three jaw closing muscles (adductor mandibulae A1, A2, and A3). The jaw muscles of some species of Hawaiian stream gobies contained substantial red fiber components. Some jaw muscles always had greater proportions of white muscle fibers than other jaw muscles, independent of species. In addition, comparing across species, the dietary generalists (Awaous guamensis and Stenogobius hawaiiensis) had a lower proportion of white muscle fibers in all jaw muscles than the dietary specialists (Lentipes concolor, Sicyopterus stimpsoni, and Eleotris sandwicensis). Among Hawaiian stream gobies, generalist diets may favor a wider range of muscle performance, provided by a mix of white and red muscle fibers, than is typical of dietary specialists, which may have a higher proportion of fast-twitch white fibers in jaw muscles to help meet the demands of rapid predatory strikes or feeding in fast-flowing habitats.     

Loading patterns and jaw movements during mastication in Macaca fascicularis: a bone-strain, electromyographic, and cineradiographic analysis

Rosette strain gage, electromyography (EMG), and cineradiographic techniques were used to analyze loading patterns and jaw movements during mastication in Macaca fascicularis. The cineradiographic data indicate that macaques generally swallow frequently throughout a chewing sequence, and these swallows are intercalated into a chewing cycle towards the end of a power stroke. The bone strain and jaw movement data indicate that during vigorous mastication the transition between fast close and the power stroke is correlated with a sharp increase in masticatory force, and they also show that in most instances the jaws of macaques are maximally loaded prior to maximum intercuspation, i.e. during phase I (buccal phase) occlusal movements. Moreover, these data indicate that loads during phase II (lingual phase) occlusal movements are ordinarily relatively small. The bone strain data also suggest that the duration of unloading of the jaw during the power stroke of mastication is largely a function of the relaxation time of the jaw adductors. This interpretation is based on the finding that the duration from 100% peak strain to 50% peak strain during unloading closely approximates the half-relaxation time of whole adductor jaw muscles of macaques. The EMG data of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles have important implications for understanding both the biomechanics of the power stroke and the external forces responsible for the "wishboning" effect that takes place along the mandibular symphysis and corpus during the power stroke of mastication. Although both medial pterygoid muscles reach maximum EMG activity during the power stroke, the activity of the working-side medial pterygoid peaks after the balancing-side medial pterygoid. Associated with the simultaneous increase of force of the working-side medial pterygoid and the decrease of force of the balancing-side medial pterygoid is the persistently high level of EMG activity of the balancing-side deep masseter (posterior portion). This pattern is of considerable significance because the direction of force of both the working-side medial pterygoid and the balancing-side deep masseter are well aligned to aid in driving the working-side lower molars across the upper molars in the medial direction during unilateral mastication.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Effects of jaw adductor hypertrophy on buccal expansions during feeding of air breathing catfishes (Teleostei,Clariidae)

Some species of Clariidae (air breathing catfishes) have extremely well developed (hypertrophied) jaw closing muscles that increase the maximal biting force of these species. As these enlarged jaw muscles tightly cover the suspensoria, which are firmly connected to the neurocranium, we expect diminished lateral expansions during suction for species with hypertrophied jaw muscles. In turn, this could imply a reduced suction performance for these species. Compared to Clarias gariepinus, which has relatively small jaw closers, Clariallabes longicauda shows a clear hypertrophy of the jaw adductors. A kinematic analysis of prey capture in these two species is presented here. As predicted, Clariallabes longicauda shows less lateral expansion (average abduction of the hyoids of 19.0°) than Clarias gariepinus (abduction of 31.1°). However, our data indicate that the decrease in lateral expansion capacity in the species with excessive adductor development is compensated for by a larger and faster ventral expansion of the buccal cavity by depression of the hyoid.     

Changes in human jaw muscles with age and dental state

The effects of ageing and dental state on the cross-sectional area and density of two jaw muscles, the masseter and medial pterygoid, were investigated using computed tomography. The study involved 84 male and 70 female subjects between the ages of 20 and 90 years. The cross-sectional area of both muscles showed a significant reduction with age; values for female subjects being found in the lower range of the distribution. When consideration was given to the presence or absence of a natural dentition, the cross-sectional area of both muscles in edentulous subjects showed a greater decease throughout the age range studied. There was a significant decrease in the density of the muscles with increasing age. Previously, this has been interpreted to indicate a progressive increase in fat and fibrous tissue. Subject gender and the absence of teeth appeared to have little effect on this parameter. Changes in the cross-sectional area and density of these muscles would appear to be consistent with a general age related change of muscle tissue in the body as a whole and may specifically indicate a reduction in the masticatory forces which can be or are being utilised by ageing patients, many of whom have no remaining natural dentition.     

Functional morphology of bite mechanics in the great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda)

The great barracuda, Sphyraena barracuda, is a voracious marine predator that captures fish with a swift ram feeding strike. While aspects of its ram feeding kinematics have been examined, an unexamined aspect of their feeding strategy is the bite mechanism used to process prey. Barracuda can attack fish larger than the gape of their jaws, and in order to swallow large prey, can sever their prey into pieces with powerful jaws replete with sharp cutting teeth. Our study examines the functional morphology and biomechanics of 'ram-biting' behavior in great barracuda where the posterior portions of the oral jaws are used to slice through prey. Using fresh fish and preserved museum specimens, we examined the jaw mechanism of an ontogenetic series of barracuda ranging from 20 g to 8.2 kg. Jaw functional morphology was described from dissections of fresh specimens and bite mechanics were determined from jaw morphometrics using the software MandibLever (v3.2). High-speed video of barracuda biting (1500 framess(-1)) revealed that prey are impacted at the corner of the mouth during capture in an orthogonal position where rapid repeated bites and short lateral headshakes result in cutting the prey in two. Predicted dynamic force output of the lower jaw nearly doubles from the tip to the corner of the mouth reaching as high as 58 N in large individuals. A robust palatine bone embedded with large dagger-like teeth opposes the mandible at the rear of the jaws providing for a scissor-like bite capable of shearing through the flesh and bone of its prey.     

The retro-articular process, streptostyly and the caecilian jaw closing system

Caecilians have two functionally separate sets of jaw closing muscles. The jaw adductor muscles are parallel fibered muscles positioned close to the jaw joint and their lever mechanics suggests they are well suited to rapidly closing the jaws. A second set of muscles, the hypaxial interhyoideus posterior (IHP), levers the jaws closed by pulling on the retroarticular process (RA) of the lower jaw. Models of the lower jaw point out that the angle and length of the RA has a profound effect on the closure force exerted by the IHP. The caecilian skull is streptostylic – the quadrate-squamosal apparatus (QSA) moves relative to the rest of the skull, a condition that seems at odds with a well-ossified cranium. Modeling the contribution of this streptostylic suspension of the lower jaw shows that rotational freedom of the QSA amplifies the force of the IHP by redirecting force applied along the low axis of the lower jaw. Measurements from several species and life stages of preserved caecilians reveal a large variation in predicted bite force (as a multiple of IHP force) with age and phylogeny.