丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼用于无肌松药气管插管的临床研究

目的:探讨丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼用于无肌松药气管插管的最佳剂量,评估诱导期应用此种方法的有效性。方法:择期全麻的患者100例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,随机分为三组。麻醉诱导为丙泊酚2 mg/kg,瑞芬太尼为2μg/kg(Ⅰ组)、3μg/kg(Ⅱ组)和4μg/kg(Ⅲ组),待两种药物达到药效高峰时行气管插管。观察诱导期和插管后1 min,3 min的血流动力学的变化情况,评估插管满意度。结果:各组的插管满意度如下:Ⅰ组54.2%(19/35)、Ⅱ组83.3%(25/30)、Ⅲ组97.1%(34/35),随着瑞芬太尼剂量的增加,气管插管满意度增高,气管插管操作时间缩短(P0.05)。在诱导过程中,三组患者的MAP和HR下降幅度均较显著(P0.05)。结论:丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼用于无肌松药气管插管是可行的,与复合瑞芬太尼2μg/kg或3μg/kg相比,丙泊酚2 mg/kg复合瑞芬太尼4μg/kg能明显提供更好的气管插管条件,且插管操作时间明显缩短。     

三种关于建立家兔人工气道方法的评价

目的比较关于家兔三种人工气道（artificial airway,AA）建立方法,为实验中快速建立家兔人工气道选择较好的方法提供参考。方法选用新西兰大耳白兔共30只,随机均分为3组。分别采用气管切开法、经口明视气管插管法、经口盲探气管插管法建立人工气道,比较各组建立人工气道的时间,首次成功率及并发症发生情况。结果经口盲探气管插管法建立人工气道的时间明显短于经口明视气管插管法和气管切开法,首次成功率由高到低依次是气管切开法、经口盲探气管插管法、经口明视气管插管法。经口盲探气管插管组并发症发生率最低,为（10±5）%,气管切开组和经口明视气管插管组并发症发生率分别为（20±10）%,（30±10）%。结论经口盲探气管插管是现阶段建立家兔人工气道时值得优先考虑的方法,简便易行、可操作性强,成功率高。     

Deep Brain Stimulation with Simultaneous fMRI in Rodents

In order to visualize the global and downstream neuronal responses to deep brain stimulation (DBS) at various targets, we have developed a protocol for using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to image rodents with simultaneous DBS. DBS fMRI presents a number of technical challenges, including accuracy of electrode implantation, MR artifacts created by the electrode, choice of anesthesia and paralytic to minimize any neuronal effects while simultaneously eliminating animal motion, and maintenance of physiological parameters, deviation from which can confound the BOLD signal. Our laboratory has developed a set of procedures that are capable of overcoming most of these possible issues. For electrical stimulation, a homemade tungsten bipolar microelectrode is used, inserted stereotactically at the stimulation site in the anesthetized subject. In preparation for imaging, rodents are fixed on a plastic headpiece and transferred to the magnet bore. For sedation and paralysis during scanning, a cocktail of dexmedetomidine and pancuronium is continuously infused, along with a minimal dose of isoflurane; this preparation minimizes the BOLD ceiling effect of volatile anesthetics. In this example experiment, stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) produces BOLD responses which are observed primarily in ipsilateral cortical regions, centered in motor cortex. Simultaneous DBS and fMRI allows the unambiguous modulation of neural circuits dependent on stimulation location and stimulation parameters, and permits observation of neuronal modulations free of regional bias. This technique may be used to explore the downstream effects of modulating neural circuitry at nearly any brain region, with implications for both experimental and clinical DBS.     

地佐辛结合表面麻醉对气管插管患者血流动力学的影响

目的:探讨地佐辛结合表面麻醉对气管插管患者血流动力学的影响。方法:选取2013年4月-2015年7月在我院接受治疗的急诊饱胃清醒患者80例,依据麻醉方法不同,将患者分为研究组和对照组,每组40例。对照组患者采用生理盐水结合表面麻醉,研究组患者采用地佐辛结合表面麻醉。观察并比较两组患者不同时间点血流动力学的变化情况。结果:T1时,两组患者HR、MAP比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);T2、T3、T4时,研究组患者HR、MAP均显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组患者气管插管诱导时间显著短于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);T2、T3时,研究组患者体动评分显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组患者不良反应发生率显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:地佐辛结合表面麻醉对气管插管患者的血流动力学影响较小,麻醉应激反应较轻微,值得临床推广应用。     

Marginally specified generalized linear mixed models: a robust approach

Longitudinal data modeling is complicated by the necessity to deal appropriately with the correlation between observations made on the same individual. Building on an earlier nonrobust version proposed by Heagerty (1999, Biometrics 55, 688-698), our robust marginally specified generalized linear mixed model (ROBMS-GLMM) provides an effective method for dealing with such data. This model is one of the first to allow both population-averaged and individual-specific inference. As well, it adopts the flexibility and interpretability of generalized linear mixed models for introducing dependence but builds a regression structure for the marginal mean, allowing valid application with time-dependent (exogenous) and time-independent covariates. These new estimators are obtained as solutions of a robustified likelihood equation involving Huber's least favorable distribution and a collection of weights. Huber's least favorable distribution produces estimates that are resistant to certain deviations from the random effects distributional assumptions. Innovative weighting strategies enable the ROBMS-GLMM to perform well when faced with outlying observations both in the response and covariates. We illustrate the methodology with an analysis of a prospective longitudinal study of laryngoscopic endotracheal intubation, a skill that numerous health-care professionals are expected to acquire. The principal goal of our research is to achieve robust inference in longitudinal analyses.     

重症患者急救插管预氧合的临床研究

目的:观察预氧合在ICU重症患者急救插管中的效果并探讨预氧合的最佳方式。方法:选择ICU内低氧血症成年危重患者28例,按入ICU顺序随机分为3组:A组(对照组,n=10),B组(气囊-面罩预氧合组,n=9)和C组(麻醉机-面罩预氧合组,n=9)。A组入室后即行快速气管插管,B组气囊-面罩预氧合5 min后行气管插管,氧流量为15 L/min。C组麻醉机-面罩预氧合5 min后行气管插管,氧流量为4 L/min。观察指标:持续脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2),动脉血气分析及相关并发症。结果:三组在预氧合之前,各项基本指标比较无统计学差异。在预氧合后,B、C组的SpO2明显高于A组(P0.05);在插管后即刻,B、C组的SpO2也显著高于A组(P0.05),同时C组SpO2高于B组(P0.05)。血气分析中,预氧合后,C组的PaO2和SaO2均高于A、B组(P0.05);在插管后即刻,C组PaO2和SaO2高于A组,同时C组SaO2高于B组(P0.05)。并发症的比较上,C组的腹胀发生率明显低于B组(P0.05)。结论:ICU内急救插管前的预氧合能显著提高患者的血氧水平,效果明显好于直接气管插管;在预氧合的方式中,麻醉机-面罩的预氧合效果要优于常规使用的气囊-面罩,且并发症也较少。     

双管喉罩在小儿眼科手术中应用的临床研究

目的：研究双管喉罩（PLMA）在小儿眼科麻醉中应用的可行性和安全性。方法：择期小儿眼科手术患者180例,随机均分为（P组）双管喉罩组、（L组）普通喉罩组、（T组）气管插管组。记录麻醉诱导前（T0）,置入喉罩（导管）后（T1）,手术开始1分钟后（T2）,手术刺激最强（T3）,拔出喉罩（导管）前（T4）,出手术室前（T5）,的心率（HR）,平均动脉压（MAP）,脑电双频指数（BIS）值。记录手术时间、拔管时间、麻醉药用量（丙泊酚用量）、苏醒时间及拔管后不良反应（呛咳、低氧血症、喉痉挛、声音嘶哑、咽喉痛）。结果：P组、L组喉罩一次性置入成功率高于T组气管导管一次性插入成功率。P组和L组丙泊酚用量明显低于T组（P〈0.05）。与T组比较P组、L组在T1、T2、T3、T4时HR较慢,MAP较低,BIS值较高（P〈0.05）,T组血流动力学波动明显大于P组、L组。P组和L组苏醒时间明显短于T组（P〈0.05）。结论：在小儿眼科手术麻醉中,PLMA放置成功率高,血流动力学平稳,术中通气情况良好,发生反流、误吸、分泌物增多等并发症少,苏醒迅速,是一种安全有效的麻醉方法。     

改良胃管置入法在昏迷气管切开病人护理中的应用研究

目的:探讨改良后胃管置入法在昏迷气管切开病人护理中的应用。方法:患者采取平卧位,保持头部、颈项、躯干在同一水平线上。置入胃管之前,先清理口、鼻、气管内分泌物。根据患者情况,选择合适型号硅胶胃管。操作者量好胃管置入长度后,用液体石蜡充分润滑胃管,左手托住胃管后端,右手持镊子夹住胃管前端,沿一侧鼻孔鼻中隔缓慢插入到合适距离,固定胃管。胃管末端连接注射器抽吸,如有胃液抽出,表示已插到胃内。结果:所有病例,均采用此种方法。24例病例中,一次性操作成功18例(占75.0%),4例(占16.7%)病例应用此法两次后成功置入胃管,2例(占8.3%)患者应用传统昏迷病人胃插管术三次均未获成功,改用此法后一次即成功。结论:改良胃管置入法操作简单、实用、安全,在昏迷气管切开病人护理中是促进患者早日康复的重要措施。     

Circadian‐Rhythm Differences among Emergency Department Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation

The purpose of the study was determine whether patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation who present to the emergency department (ED) during the night (00:00 to 07:59 h) vs. other times of the day have more severe COPD exacerbation, require more intensive treatment, and have worse clinical outcomes. A multicenter cohort study was completed involving 29 EDs in the United States and Canada. Using a standard protocol, consecutive ED patients with COPD exacerbation were interviewed, and their charts were reviewed. Of 582 patients enrolled, 52% were women, and the median age was 71 yrs (interquartile range, 64–77 yrs). Nighttime patients (15% of cohort) did not differ from patients presenting at other times except that they were less likely to have private insurance, more likely to have a history of corticosteroid use, and have a shorter duration of symptoms exacerbation. Except for a few features indicative of more severe COPD exacerbation (such as higher respiratory rate at ED presentation, greater likelihood of receiving noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, and increased risk of endotracheal intubation), nighttime patients did not differ from other patients with respect to ED management. Nighttime patients were approximately three‐fold more likely to be intubated in the ED (odds ratio, 3.46; 95% confidence interval, 1.10–10.9). There were no day‐night differences regarding ED disposition and post‐ED relapse. Except for some features indicating more severe exacerbation, nighttime ED patients had similar chronic COPD characteristics, received similar treatments in the ED, and had similar clinical outcomes compared with patients presenting to the ED at other times of the day.     

利多卡因三种方式用于预防老年患者全麻插管反应的临床效果观察

目的:比较利多卡因三种方式在预防老年患者全麻插管反应中的临床效果。方法:选择择期行全麻插管手术美国麻醉师协会(ASA)Ⅰ~Ⅱ级的老年患者(65~85岁)120例,随机分为环甲膜穿刺组(H组)、咽喉表面麻醉组(Y组)、静脉注射组(J组)及对照组(D组)。H组进行环甲膜穿刺注射利多卡因进行表面麻醉;Y组使用喉喷管对咽喉部喷洒利多卡因进行表面麻醉;J组在麻醉诱导时静脉注射利多卡因预防插管反应;D组为不给予利多卡因处置的对照组。监测各组患者诱导前(T0)、气管插管前(T1)和插管后1(T2)、3(T3)、5 min(T4)时收缩压(SBP)和心率(HR),比较四组血流动力学相关指标的变化。结果:同同组T0时刻比较,四组T1时刻SBP和HR均显著降低(P0.05);同同组T0时刻比较,D组T2、T3、T4时刻SBP和HR均显著升高(P0.05),另三组T2、T3时刻SBP显著升高(P0.05),T2时刻HR显著升高(P0.05);与D组比较,H、Y、J组SBP和HR在T2、T3、T4时刻差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而三组组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:利多卡因三种方式的效果相当,均可用于预防老年患者的全麻插管反应;但环甲膜穿刺法增加了病人的痛苦,咽喉喷雾法增加了操作的繁琐性且提升了病人的费用,而静脉注射法操作简便。