青海草原毛虫性信息素分泌腺的位置及组织学

青海草原毛虫性信息素分泌腺是一个上皮褶,位于第八、九腹节间的背方节间膜。覆盖分泌腺的表皮表面光滑,无鳞片和毛状突起。表皮可分二层。内表皮较上表皮厚,厚度有变化,深入到V形细胞褶内。V形排列增加了腺细胞的数量,有利于信息素产量的提高,但上表皮面积与细胞顶膜面积的减少,不利于释放,召唤雌蛾腹部末端连续地伸缩可能是一种补偿活动。     

外源氮添加对高寒草地门源草原毛虫种群密度的影响

近几十年以来,中国陆地生态系统的大气氮沉降持续增加。这种外源氮输入会影响植物多样性和生产力,进而影响植食性昆虫的种群动态。门源草原毛虫(Gynaephora menyuanensis)是青藏高原东北部高寒草地的主要植食性昆虫,种群数量爆发时会造成巨大的生态经济损失。为了探明草原毛虫种群密度如何响应氮沉降加剧,依托青海海北高寒草地“外源氮添加梯度”控制实验平台(0、25、50、100 kg N hm^-2 a^-1),详细调查了门源草原毛虫的种群密度及其相关的食物数量、质量和栖息地环境变化。结果表明：(1)外源氮添加显著影响门源草原毛虫的虫口密度(ANOVA:F=3.29,P=0.04),且草原毛虫虫口密度随氮添加量的增加呈线性增加趋势(R~2=0.31,P=0.005)。(2)外源氮添加梯度下,食物质量(叶片氮含量),而非食物数量(植物地上生物量和禾草地上生物量)和栖息地环境(土壤温度、湿度和光照条件),是草原毛虫虫口密度变化的关键影响因素。基于上述结果,可以预测：未来氮沉降的加剧可能促进青藏高原高寒草地门源草原毛虫的虫害爆发。研究将为全球变化背...     

昆虫病原线虫对草原毛虫幼虫的致病力

草原毛虫Gynaephora alpherakii是青藏高原草原的主要害虫。国家明令禁止使用化学药剂防控这一害虫。因此,有必要以生物农药控制这种害虫。本试验室内测定5种昆虫病原线虫（Steinernema longicaudum X-7,S. carpocapsae All,S. feltiae SN,Heterorhabditis bacteriophora H06和H. indica LN2）对草原毛虫的致病力。结果表明,S. carpocapsae All、S. feltiae SN两种线虫对草原毛虫的侵染效果较好。适宜S. carpocapsae All、S. feltiae SN线虫的侵染活动的环境温度为25℃;低温环境下两种线虫随着剂量的提高,对草原毛虫的致病力均有着显著地增长（P<0.05）,且S. feltiae SN线虫的活性高于S. carpocapsae All线虫。因此,昆虫病原线虫S. feltiae SN品系具有效防治青藏高原高寒草地草原毛虫的应用潜力。     

青海弧菌Q67自体诱导物的检测及其对菌体发光的影响

青海弧菌Q67是一种我国新近确定的淡水发光细菌,其发光强度随毒物浓度改变的特性使其可作为水质检测的指示菌株。利用生物检测菌株快速检测、C18反相薄层层析和β-半乳糖苷酶含量测定,证实了该菌存在LuxI-LuxR型群体感应系统,并产生N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯类自诱导物。进一步的实验表明,该信号分子活性随生长阶段有较大变化,其粗提物不仅能调控菌体的生物发光,对菌体生长繁殖也产生较大影响。     

模拟增温下门源草原毛虫幼虫生长发育特征

采用开顶式生长室(OTC)模拟增温的方法研究温度升高对门源草原毛虫幼虫发育历期、生长发育速率、体重及存活等的影响。研究发现:在增温0—1.26℃内,随着增温幅度变大,1龄幼虫越冬后开始活动期和蛹期提前,整个幼虫的发育历期缩短;增温可以提高门源草原毛虫幼虫的相对生长速度,使其发育高峰期提前到5月份;随着增温幅度变大,门源草原毛虫幼虫的体重有减轻的趋势;0—1.26℃的温度升高导致门源草原毛虫幼虫存活率增提高,但是增温过高(1.98℃)也会导致其存活率急剧下降。     

中华硬蜱、越原血蜱和青海血蜱经期传播莱姆病螺旋体的实验研究

以实验室培育的非感染中华硬蜱、越原血蜱和青海血蜱刺叮人工感染21天的阳性KM鼠,利用分离培养和PCR方法检测蜱对莱姆病螺旋体Borrelia garinii的保持能力以及体内螺旋体对敏感动物的感染能力。中华硬蜱、越原血蜱和青海血蜱非感染幼蜱均可以通过吸血获得莱姆病螺旋体, 然而,它们在饱血、消化、蜕皮和再次吸血过程中对莱姆病螺旋体的保持能力差异很大。只有中华硬蜱可以保持活的莱姆病螺旋体直至蜕化为下一发育阶段,蜕化后仍携带莱姆病螺旋体并对敏感KM鼠有感染能力。而越原血蜱和青海血蜱对莱姆病螺旋体的保持能力不能跨越消化、蜕皮阶段,蜕化后这两种血蜱不再携带莱姆病螺旋体,因此,这两种血蜱不具备经期传播能力,作为莱姆病媒介的可能性不大。中华硬蜱于幼蜱到若蜱以及若蜱到成蜱两个阶段均具备经期传播莱姆病螺旋体的能力,提示了中华硬蜱作为南方莱姆病的潜在媒介是可能的。     

玉树州境内草原毛虫种群分布及其对生境草场植被的影响

草原毛虫Gynaephora qinghaiensis是分布在我国青藏高原高寒牧区的一种重要害虫,对高寒草甸植被破坏相当严重。为调查青藏高原高寒牧区草场草原毛虫的分布与危害情况,本研究在青海省玉树州的高寒牧区布设了10个调查样地,连续5年（2015-2019年）采用随机抽样的方法调查了草原毛虫种群密度,并于2016年同步调查了草原毛虫生境植被指数,并对2016年不同调查样地的草原毛虫种群密度与生境植被指数之间的相关关系进行了分析。调查结果显示,10个调查样地的草原毛虫种群密度在1.0~200.6 头/m^2之间,具有聚集性分布的特点,集中分布在治多草原、嘉塘草原和隆宝草原。根据高寒草甸草原毛虫危害等级划分标准,30%调查样地达到重度、极重度危害等级。相关分析结果显示,草原毛虫种群密度与植被总盖度之间呈极显著的负相关关系（P<0.01）,表明随着草原毛虫种群密度的增大,草甸植被总盖度总体呈逐渐减小的趋势。总之,玉树州高寒牧区草场草原毛虫种群分布相对集中,密度较高,对草场植被危害严重,需及时采取有效措施予以治理。本研究对草原毛虫种群分布及其生境植被展开的基础调查工作可为草原毛虫灾害的预测预报以及草原毛虫的防控提供科学的基础数据,对保护青藏高原高寒牧区草场生态环境具有重要的意义。     

Temperature and food quality influences feeding behavior,assimilation efficiency and growth rate of arctic woolly-bear caterpillars

Summary The energy budget for feeding activity and growth of larval Gynaephora groenlandica was investigated on the tundra and in the laboratory. Larvae fed only in June when the buds and young leaves of Salix arctica, its principal host plant, contained the highest concentrations of macro-nutrients and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC). The mid-summer hiatus in larval feeding was coincident with an abrupt decline in the TNC content of leaves and a buildup of plant secondary metabolites in the leaves of S. arctica. Following cessation of feeding, the larvae remained concealed from the sun within crevices and vegetation mats. Growth rates of larvae incubated at 15 and 30°C were similar (4.7–5.0 mg/larva/day), but the assimilation efficiency at 15°C was four times greater (40%) than at 30°C. Growth rates were lowest at 5°C (0.22mg/larva/day) as was the assimilation efficiency (6.6%), because of the extended residence time of food in the gut. The high rate of ingestion and excretion at 30°C was caused by elevated maintenance metabolism. Changes in metabolic state influenced oxygen consumption, which was highest for feeding larvae (0.29 ml/g/h) and significantly lower for each, digesting, moving, starved larvae, and lowest for inactive larvae (0.06 ml/g/h). An influence of temperature and leaf quality on digestion rate and maintenance metabolism is the most likely cause of the feeding behavior pattern in G. groenlandica. The larvae may undergo voluntary hypothermia in order to avoid an energy, deficit resulting from high maintenance metabolism during mid-season when the energy content and food quality declines. The restriction of growth and development to a very short period prior to mid-summer may have contributed, to the extended 14-year life cycle of this species.     

模拟增温和丛枝菌根对门源草原毛虫幼虫生长发育的影响

采用开顶式生长室(Open top chamber, OTC)模拟增温和苯菌灵抑制丛枝菌根研究上述两种因素综合作用下门源草原毛虫幼虫的生长速率、蛹化时间和蛹重。结果表明,增温和丛枝菌根抑制及其交互作用均对门源草原毛虫幼虫生长速率产生了显著影响。相比对照组而言,增温使该指标升高了34%。丛枝菌根抑制未对上述指标产生显著影响。增温和丛枝菌根抑制的交互作用使门源草原毛虫幼虫生长速率较对照组升高了16%,而较增温组降低了13%。增温处理下雌、雄幼虫的蛹化时间分别为204、218 d,而不增温处理下分别为212、223 d。增温使得雌、雄幼虫的蛹化时间较不增温处理分别提前了2%和4%。增温和不增温处理下的雌、雄虫蛹化时间差分别为15、12 d。增温将上述时间差扩大了25%。此外,增温及其与丛枝菌根抑制的交互作用对门源草原毛虫雌虫蛹重的影响显著,而对于雄虫的蛹重来说,仅增温处理的影响显著。增温和增温丛枝菌根抑制处理,使得雌蛹重较对照组增大了22%和8%。增温使雄蛹重增大了18%。首次研究了增温和丛枝菌根对植食性昆虫的综合影响。     

Grazing intensifies degradation of a Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow through plant–pest interaction

Understanding the plant–pest interaction under warming with grazing conditions is critical to predict the response of alpine meadow to future climate change. We investigated the effects of experimental warming and grazing on the interaction between plants and the grassland caterpillar Gynaephora menyuanensis in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau in 2010 and 2011. Our results showed that grazing significantly increased nitrogen concentration in graminoids and sward openness with a lower sward height, sward coverage, and plant litter mass in the community. Grazing significantly increased G. menyuanensis body size and potential fecundity in 2010. The increases in female body size were about twofold greater than in males. In addition, grazing significantly increased G. menyuanensis density and its negative effects on aboveground biomass and graminoid coverage in 2011. We found that G. menyuanensis body size was significantly positively correlated with nitrogen concentration in graminoids but negatively correlated with plant litter mass. Even though warming did not significantly increased G. menyuanensis performance and the negative effects of G. menyuanensis on alpine meadow, the increases in G. menyuanensis growth rate and its negative effect on aboveground biomass under the warming with grazing treatment were significantly higher than those under the no warming with grazing treatment. The positive effects of grazing on G. menyuanensis performance and its damage were exacerbated by the warming treatment. Our results suggest that the fitness of G. menyuanensis would increase under future warming with grazing conditions, thereby posing a greater risk to alpine meadow and livestock production.