Irrigation and its effect on polyphagous shot hole borer attack

Polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB), Euwallacea whitfordiodendrus (Schedl) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), is an ambrosia beetle that has recently invaded southern California, USA. This beetle successfully attacks and reproduces in a multitude of tree species. As direct control methods are limited, we investigated cultural management options, and sought to determine whether irrigation affects the number of attacks host trees experienced. If irrigation plays a role, cultural control methods could be recommended to managers and growers. Three separate experiments were conducted that monitored the number of attacks on trees with different levels of irrigation. Two experiments examined PSHB attacks in established landscape trees where irrigation was either present or absent. A third experiment used young potted box elder with irrigation controlled with timed emitters. In all three experiments, the level of irrigation received by the trees did not affect the number of attacks. The results suggest that changes in irrigation practices do not affect risk from PSHB attack.     

Comparative morphometric and chemical analyses of phenotypes of two invasive ambrosia beetles (Euwallacea spp.) in the United States

The polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB), Euwallacea sp., was first detected in 2003 in Los Angeles County, California, USA. Recently, this invasive species has become a major pest of many hardwood trees in urban and wildland forests throughout southern California. PSHB is nearly identical in morphology and life history to the tea shot hole borer (TSHB), Euwallacea fornicatus, an invasive pest of hardwoods in Florida, USA and many other parts of the world. However, molecular studies have suggested that the taxa are different species. We conducted morphometric and chemical analyses of the phenotypes of Euwallacea sp. collected in southern California (Los Angeles County) and E. fornicatus collected in Florida (Miami‐Dade County). Our analyses indicated that PSHB has 3 larval instars. The third larval instar was separated from the first 2 instars by head capsule width with 0 probability of misclassification. The body length, head width, and pronotal width of PSHB adult males were significantly less than those of females. Head width and pronotal width of female PSHB were significantly less than those of female TSHB. In contrast, body length, and ratio of body length to pronotal width of female PSHB were significantly greater than those of female TSHB. However, females of these 2 species could not be separated completely by these 4 measurements because of the overlapping ranges. Cuticular hydrocarbons detected in both species were exclusively alkanes (i.e., n‐alkanes, monomethylalkanes, dimethylalkanes, and trimethylalkanes). Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of PSHB males and females were similar, but they both differed from that of TSHB females. Cuticular hydrocarbons of PSHB were predominantly internally branched dimethylalkanes with backbones of 31 and 33 carbons, whereas cuticular hydrocarbons of TSHB females were dominated by internally branched monomethylalkanes and dimethylalkanes with backbones of 28 and 29 carbons. Multiple compounds within these classes appear to be diagnostic for PSHB and TSHB, respectively.     

印度小圆胸小蠹的一种新寄主植物

自然条件下印度小圆胸小蠹Euwallacea fornicatus(Eichhoff,1868)在茶树枝条虫瘿内取食,是茶的重要害虫之一,以茶蛀虫著称.2010年5-8月,在印度Muga Eri研究中心3号农场(Lahdoigarh,Jorhat-Assam)的黄心树Persea bombycina Kost.(樟科)...     

基于通用引物的多重PCR对小圆胸小蠹的分子鉴定

本研究利用通用引物的多重PCR方法开展小圆胸小蠹Euwallacea fornicatus的分子鉴定,以期探究多重PCR在昆虫分子鉴定中的可行性,并为开展小圆胸小蠹的有效、准确鉴定及综合防治等提供重要依据。使用多重PCR方法扩增了小圆胸小蠹的COI、16S和28S的3个分子片段,并将获得的目的序列在GenBank中进行BLAST比对;利用MEGA 7计算方胸小蠹属不同种间的遗传距离,并基于邻接法和最大似然法分别构建单基因系统发育树。结果表明：多重PCR可以用于小圆胸小蠹分子序列的获取;基于COI和16S的遗传距离分析表明了小圆胸小蠹的种内遗传距离均小于2%;基于单个基因构建的系统发育树均显示本研究扩增的小圆胸小蠹COI和16S序列与GenBank中获取的小圆胸小蠹COI和16S序列聚为一支。多重PCR可以应用于小圆胸小蠹的分子鉴定,该方法不仅可以提高物种鉴定的准确率,还可以减少PCR过程中的时间和DNA消耗。     

小圆胸小蠹及其虫菌共生体研究进展

小圆胸小蠹是蛀干为害的食菌小蠹,与其伴生菌构成虫菌共生体,称方胸小蠹—镰孢菌共生体,造成寄主机械损伤、枝干枯死和木材腐烂。在全球范围内寄主达63科342种,对果树、森林及城市景观等造成严重威胁,被国家林业局定为国际重大林木害虫。国外最新的分子学研究显示,方胸小蠹—镰孢菌共生体以种团形式出现,由至少5个形态上无法区分的小蠹种及其伴生菌构成,每一个小蠹种携带1或2种镰孢菌。该种团中的某些种及其伴生菌已经成为入侵物种,攻击并感染健康树木,造成了严重威胁。综述了该种团的生物学及生态学、伴生菌及寄主选择研究进展,以及食菌小蠹的控制途径,指出了我国有分布的该种分类地位急需确定,我国云南分布的该小蠹可能对我国更多地区城市阔叶树种构成威胁,对针叶树也可能构成潜在威胁。当前迫切需要在通过分子学手段澄清其分类地位基础上,深入开展种群生物学及生态学研究,以及伴生菌及寄主选择研究,揭示其成灾机制,为其有效控制提供技术支撑,以遏制其扩散蔓延的势头。     

Tracing the origin of a cryptic invader: phylogeography of the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) species complex

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Effect of temperature on fecundity,development, and emergence of the invasive ambrosia beetle Euwallacea kuroshio (Coleoptera: Scolytinae)

1. The Kuroshio shot hole borer (KSHB) Euwallacea kuroshio is an invasive ambrosia beetle pest in Southern California, where it causes Fusarium dieback in a number of different host tree species.
2. Since its discovery in California in about 2014, the KSHB has established or been identified across a wide geographic range along the California coast, spanning north from the Mexican border to San Luis Obispo.
3. KSHB were reared at temperatures ranging from 16 to 32 °C to determine the effect of temperature on development and emergence rates, brood size, and colonization success.
4. The highest total emergence and number of successful colonies occurred when KSHB was reared at 28 °C. Mean days until first offspring emergence decreased as temperature increased up to 30 °C, after which emergence ceased.
5. The thermal constant was estimated to be 318 degree-days. Using this approximation in conjunction with weather data from the California Irrigation Management Information System, we predict the annual number of generations of KSHB in several locations across its invasive range in California. Results can be used to predict the timing and number of generations in other invaded areas, as well as estimate the range of this pest.