Degranulation of eosinophilic granule cells induced by capsaicin and substance P in the intestine of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)

Summary Adult rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were injected intraperitoneally with capsaicin, substance P, serotonin, or a control of saline vehicle or bovine serum albumin (0.5 g/g body weight). Fish were sacrificed 30 min and 1,2 and 4 h post-injection, the gut was dissected out, and a small section of the upper intestine was processed for electron microscopy. A significant proportion of eosinophilic granule cells (EGCs) of the intestine were in close association with non-myelinated neuronal bundles in all fish (4 fish per treatment and time period), but there was no significant difference between treatment or time, suggesting that the association was unaffected by these factors. Close examination of EGC ultrastructure showed that fish treated with capsaicin and substance P exhibited limited degranulation of the EGCs in the stratum compactum and extensive crinophagic-like degranulation in the lamina propria. Cells of the lamina propria contained characteristic multivesicular-like bodies. The degranulation was reminiscent of both mast cell degranulation and endocrine cell crinophagy. EGCs of fish treated with serotonin or a control were unaffected, suggesting that the serotoninergic neurons, believed to be involved in gut motility, were not responsible for degranulation. It is apparent that EGCs of the trout intestine may be under nervous control, as has been demonstrated previously for mammalian mast cells.     

糖皮质激素下调JAK/STAT抑制嗜酸粒细胞哮喘

摘要 目的：探究糖皮质激素对嗜酸粒细胞哮喘(Eosinophilic asthma, EA) 2 型固有免疫细胞(Type 2 innate lymphoid cells, ILC2s)的影响及相关机制。方法：研究对象来自我院 2021年6月至 2022年6月的EA患者和健康对照（Healthy control, HC）,收集相应临床基线资料并评估病情、进行血常规、肺功能等检查;应用流式细胞术检测外周血单个核细胞（Peripheral blood mononuclear cell, PBMC） ILC2s(CD45+Lin-CD127+CD294+);ELISA检测外周血IL-5、IL-13浓度。糖皮质激素治疗EA 患者3月后,观察PBMC中ILC2s及IL-5、IL-13浓度。C57BL/6J小鼠给予鸡卵清蛋白(Ovalbumin,OVA) 20 μg 腹腔注射致敏后用1%OVA雾化吸入激发哮喘EA模型,阴性对照（Negative control, NC）组小鼠用同等体积PBS作为对照。EA造模成功的小鼠通过流式细胞术检测血液及肺泡灌洗液中ILC2s,HE染色检测小鼠肺泡灌洗液中嗜酸性粒细胞(Eosinophil, EOS)及肺部炎症。EA小鼠经糖皮质激素处理后,检测肺部炎症情况;流式细胞术检测PBMC、肺泡灌洗液（Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, BALF）中 ILC2s;分离肺组织ILC2s,western blot检测相关蛋白表达情况。结果：EA组的ILC2s比例升高, EOS升高,2型细胞因子IL-5、IL-13增加,糖皮质激素治疗1月及3月后ILC2s比例下降,2型细胞因子IL-5、IL-13下降。与NC组小鼠比较,EA组小鼠PBMC及BALF中ILC2s升高,BALF中EOS升高,血清中2型细胞因子IL-5、IL-13升高,肺部炎症加重。糖皮质激素治疗后,肺部炎症减轻,EOS下降,ILC2s减少,2型细胞因子IL-5、IL-13下降,下调JAK/STAT蛋白。结论：在EA中,糖皮质激素通过下调JAK/STAT蛋白抑制ILC2s的功能减轻肺部炎症,为激素治疗嗜酸性粒细胞哮喘的机制提供了新方向。     

Apoptosis in meningoencephalitis of Angiostrongylus cantonensis-infected mice

A hallmark of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis is infiltration of leukocytes into brain parenchyma and subarachnoid space infected by Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Apoptosis, a process that eliminates useless cells and counterbalances tissue homeostasis, is important for homeostasis of the immune system. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of cell death induced in BABL/c mice infected with A. cantonensis. We observed increased expression of the apoptotic proteins, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and cytochrome c, and decreased expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, B-cell leukemia 2 and inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1. On immunohistochemistry, apoptotic proteins were localized within the leukocytes infiltrate. A terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate nick-end labeling assay to detect DNA fragmentation confirmed these observations. The infiltration of leukocytes present in the brain parenchyma and subarachnoid space in vivo may also express these apoptotic regulatory molecules, which demonstrates the capacity of these cells to undergo apoptosis.     

Ultrastructural,cytochemical and functional studies on the eosinophilic granulocytes of larval lampreys

Summary Blood from larval lampreys (ammocoetes) contains a small number of eosinophilic granulocytes which are formed in the protospleen and kidney. Both immature and mature forms of this cell type are present in the blood and these are easily identified from other cell types due to the prominent eosinophilic granules that fill the cytoplasm. Ultrastructurally, these granules are electron-dense, largely unstructured, Golgi-derived and contain acid phosphatase but not peroxidase. Eosinophilic granulocytes ingest bacteria but fail to internalise colloidal carbon. The functional and phylogenetic significance of these cells is discussed.     

Eosinophilic globule cells in mouse MFH-like sarcomas

Light and electron microscopic observations were made on eosinophilic globule (EG) cells found in 27 subcutaneous malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH)-like sarcomas in aged ICR mice. These tumors, which were composed of fibroblast-like cells as the major component, with small numbers of histiocyte-like cells and undifferentiated cells, showed one or more of five growth patterns: storiform, pleomorphic, fascicular, myxoid, and hemangiopericytoma-like. EG cells were interspersed among the tumor cells and were also present in metastatic lesions. They were pleomorphic in shape and contained various numbers of cytoplasmic globules, which were positive with the periodic acid-Schiff reaction and resistant to diastase digestion. Electron microscopic observation revealed that these cells had small finger-like and pseudopodia-like projections, and contained varied numbers of characteristic osmiophilic globules and glycogen particles in the cytoplasm which seemed to become more abundant as the cells differentiated. The osmiophilic globules consisted of a dense homogeneous core and a marginal area rich in small vesicular membranous structures. A small population of EG cells exhibited features suggesting differentiation to fibroblasts; these were characterized by an increased amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum. It is suggested that the EG cell is a neoplastic cell, perhaps derived from a primitive mesenchymal cell, although an inflammatory cell origin is also possible.     

骨嗜酸性肉芽肿放射治疗临床分析

目的：探讨骨嗜酸性肉芽肿的治疗方法。方法：对近5年来我院收治经病理证实的12例骨嗜酸性肉芽肿的治疗进行临床回顾性研究。结果：随访1．5a～6a,其中11例患者行局部肿块刮除和放射治疗30Cy后治愈,1例复发,行再程治疗后治愈,总有效率为100％。结论：骨嗜酸性内芽肿治疗采用手术局部肿块刮除和放射治疗,可取得良好效果。     

Angiostrongylus cantonensis: identification and characterization of microRNAs in male and female adults

Angiostrongylus cantonensis causes eosinophilic meningitis and eosinophilic pleocytosis in humans and is of significant socio-economic importance globally. microRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs that play crucial roles in gene expression regulation, cellular function and defense, homeostasis and pathogenesis. They have been identified in a diverse range of organisms. The objective of this study was to determine and characterize miRNAs of female and male adults of A. cantonensis by Solexa deep sequencing. A total of 8861,260 and 10,957,957 high quality reads with 20 and 23 conserved miRNAs were obtained in females and males, respectively. No new miRNA sequence was found. Nucleotide bias analysis showed that uracil was the prominent nucleotide, particularly at positions of 1, 10, 14, 17 and 22, approximately at the beginning, middle and the end of the conserved miRNAs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of miRNA profiles in A. cantonensis, which may represent a new platform for studying regulation of genes and their networks in A. cantonensis.     

Infectious Causes of Eosinophilic Meningitis in Korean Patients: A Single-Institution Retrospective Chart Review from 2004 to 2018

Eosinophilic meningitis is defined as the presence of more than 10 eosinophils per μl in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or eosinophils accounting for more than 10% of CSF leukocytes in patients with acute meningitis. Parasites are the most common cause of eosinophilic meningitis worldwide, but there is limited research on patients in Korea. Patients diagnosed with eosinophilic meningitis between January 2004 and June 2018 at a tertiary hospital in Seoul, Korea were retrospectively reviewed. The etiology and clinical characteristics of each patient were identified. Of the 22 patients included in the study, 11 (50%) had parasitic causes, of whom 8 (36%) were diagnosed as neurocysticercosis and 3 (14%) as Toxocara meningitis. Four (18%) patients were diagnosed with fungal meningitis, and underlying immunodeficiency was found in 2 of these patients. The etiology of another 4 (18%) patients was suspected to be tuberculosis, which is endemic in Korea. Viral and bacterial meningitis were relatively rare causes of eosinophilic meningitis, accounting for 2 (9%) and 1 (5%) patients, respectively. One patient with neurocysticercosis and 1 patient with fungal meningitis died, and 5 (23%) had neurologic sequelae. Parasite infections, especially neurocysticercosis and toxocariasis, were the most common cause of eosinophilic meningitis in Korean patients. Fungal meningitis, while relatively rare, is often aggressive and must be considered when searching for the cause of eosinophilic meningitis.     

孟鲁司特钠联合左卡巴斯汀鼻喷剂治疗小儿过敏性鼻炎的疗效评价及对血清ECP、EOS及CRP水平的影响

目的:探讨孟鲁司特钠联合左卡巴斯汀鼻喷剂治疗小儿过敏性鼻炎的疗效及对血清嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白(ECP)、嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)及C反应蛋白(CRP)水平的影响。方法:选择我院2016年7月～2018年7月收治的151例过敏性鼻炎患儿,按随机数字表法分为69例对照组和82例观察组,对照组采用左卡巴斯汀鼻喷剂治疗,观察组在对照组基础上联合孟鲁司特钠治疗,比较两组临床疗效,治疗前后症状及体征评分,生活质量评分,血清ECP、EOS及CRP、总免疫球蛋白E(TIg E)和特异性免疫球蛋白E(Sig E)水平,和不良反应发生情况。结果:观察组总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗前,两组症状及体征评分,生活质量评分,血清ECP、EOS及CRP、总免疫球蛋白E(TIg E)和特异性免疫球蛋白E(Sig E)水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,两组以上指标均下降,观察组低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。两组均有胃肠道反应、口干、头痛发生,组间总不良反应发生率比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:孟鲁司特钠联合左卡巴斯汀鼻喷剂治疗小儿过敏性鼻炎安全有效,能够降低血清ECP、EOS及CRP水平,促进患儿恢复。     

老年慢性嗜酸性粒细胞肺炎一例

目的:总结1例高龄患有慢性嗜酸性粒细胞肺炎(CEP)的诊断和治疗的临床过程,探讨最佳的治愈方法。方法:对1例患有慢性嗜酸性粒细胞肺炎的患者进行详细检查、诊治,并结合文献资料进行分析,对其病症的临床症状和诊断治疗予以讨论。结果:CEP的病因不是很明确,患者多以以往有过敏病史的临床特点,同时也比较容易复发;但是经过治疗,有效地减少了复发,治愈效果良好。结论:CEP具有其特有的典型症状,经过给予激素维持治疗可明显改善病症,控制病情的发展变化。