苯甲酸钠对植物萌发的影响初探

苯甲酸钠是常用的食品防腐剂，对酵母菌和细菌的繁殖有较强的抑制作用。本文报告苯甲酸钠对大蒜和豌豆这两种植物萌发影响的初步试验，表明一定浓度的苯甲酸钠对植物的萌发有明显的抑制作用。     

Elicitor(s) in Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) Causing the Japanese Rice Plant (Oryza sativa L.) to Induce the Ovicidal Substance,Benzyl Benzoate

We elucidate the mechanism for inducing the production of ovicidal benzyl benzoate by Japonica rice varieties to kill eggs of the whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), lying in the rice plant. Even when subjected to physical damage by a needle or damage with water, the rice plant produced no benzyl benzoate. However, significant benzyl benzoate was produced when the plant was damaged with a methanol extract or homogenate of S. furcifera. The extract of the male did not induce the production of benzyl benzoate, but that of the female did. We concluded from these results that benzyl benzoate was induced by some elicitor(s) in the female of S. furcifera.     

Susceptibility of Cypriot Tuta absoluta populations to four targeted insecticides and control failure likelihood

Tuta absoluta, known as the South American tomato pinworm, is one of the most disastrous pests of tomato cultivations, presently menacing tomato cultivations worldwide. In 2006, T. absoluta invaded Spain from South America. Since then, it was rapidly spread to most European, African and Asian countries. Such alien invasive species can minimize crop production, whereas the increasing use of insecticides raises various environmental concerns as well as on control costs, control failure and the toxicity to non‐target organisms. The S. American tomato pinworm is mostly controlled by chemical insecticides, and failure to control it is not a rare phenomenon. Resistance to numerous insecticides has been reported and is mainly due to the fact that farmers do not follow a sustainable resistance management scheme. Several examples have been reported from several countries where the tomato pinworm is present. In order to develop a successful insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategy for any major pest, one needs to identify the baseline toxicity to insecticides and then monitor susceptibility levels . In Cyprus, the current status of susceptibility levels to the main insecticides that are used to control T. absoluta has never been studied before. Herein, nine Cypriot populations of the pest were subjected to laboratory bioassays between 2016 and 2018 using the main insecticides applied against it. We found that the insecticides chlorantraniliprole and indoxacarb could not control the Cypriot T. absoluta populations anymore, with a resistance ratio (RR) >28 and 3–23, respectively. Furthermore, mortality achieved by those two insecticides was 20.6%–72% for chlorantraniliprole and 27.5%–78% for indoxacarb. However, the insecticides emamectin benzoate and spinosad are very effective, since mortality to both of them ranged between 99.5% and 100%.     

红球菌R04苯甲酸转运相关膜蛋白RHOGL009301的生理功能

【目的】探究红球菌(Rhodococcus sp.)R04膜蛋白RHOGL009301的生理功能和突变菌株的代谢特性,确定该膜蛋白的生理功能与苯甲酸转运的关系。【方法】将RHOGL009301基因与绿色荧光蛋白基因在Rhodococcus erythropolis进行融合表达,Delta Vision观察该基因蛋白产物的定位。通过基因同源重组敲除RHOGL009301基因,并对比野生型菌株和缺陷型菌株在不同碳源培养下的生长情况。HPLC测定红球菌R04野生型菌株和缺陷型菌株代谢联苯和苯甲酸时细胞内外代谢物,分析不同生长条件下代谢物的浓度变化。【结果】RHOGL009301基因与绿色荧光蛋白基因在Rhodococcus erythropolis中实现共表达,并定位在细胞膜上。获得了RHOGL009301基因的缺陷型菌株R04ΔMP,与野生型菌株相比,缺陷型菌株在联苯和苯甲酸培养条件下的生物量明显降低,生长速度减慢。HPLC分析表明RHOGL009301基因的缺失抑制了苯甲酸的转运。【结论】膜蛋白RHOGL009301是苯甲酸代谢和转运相关的蛋白,基于序列同源性分析,该膜蛋白是一种新型的苯甲酸转运蛋白。     

5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂对6种环境生物的急性毒性

甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐是一种新型的抗生素类杀虫剂、杀螨剂,其大量使用可能会导致一系列的生态风险,因此有必要开展其对相关环境生物毒性的研究。测定了甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对意大利蜜蜂、日本鹌鹑、斑马鱼、家蚕、大型溞和赤子爱胜蚓6种非靶标生物的急性毒性。5％甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂对蜜蜂的急性经口LC50（48 h）为0．555 a．i．mg· L-1,对鹌鹑的经口LD50（7 d）为148．369 a．i．mg· kg-1,对斑马鱼的LC50（96 h）为0．368 a．i．mg· L-1,对家蚕的急性摄入毒性LC50（96 h）为0．005 a．i．mg· L-1,对大型溞的运动抑制毒性EC50（48 h）为0．020 a．i． mg· L-1,对蚯蚓的急性毒性LC50（14 d）为18．397 a．i．mg· kg-1。该农药对家蚕和大型溞均为剧毒,对蜜蜂和斑马鱼均为高毒,对鹌鹑中毒,对蚯蚓低毒。总体而言,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂对环境生物危害大,在使用过程中要注意。     

Comparative efficacy of different pesticides against mango bark beetle Hypocryphalus mangiferae Stebbing (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Hypocryphalus mangiferae Stebbing is one of the most destructive insect pests of mango trees and is found to be associated with the transmission of causal organisms of mango sudden death disease. The present study was carried out to evaluate the toxicity of deltamethrin, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid and spinosad in laboratory and field trials. Bioassay results showed that the toxicity of chlorpyrifos was significantly higher than deltamethrin but similar to bifenthrin. Deltamethrin and bifenthrin toxicity, however, increased significantly (P < 0.01) from day 1 to day 3. Spinosad was the least toxic compound while emamectin was the most toxic among new chemical insecticides tested, but its toxicity increased significantly from day 1 to day 5. Comparison of the efficacies of the insecticides using lethal times to produce 50% mortality (LT₅₀) and 90% mortality (LT₉₀) showed that the relative potencies of chlorpyrifos, emamectin, imidacloprid and spinosad were greater than bifenthrin and deltamethrin. The results of field trials showed the highest number of beetles emerged from the control twigs while significantly fewer beetles emerged from the twigs treated with bifenthrin (P < 0.05), which accounted for 12% for bifenthrin compared to that of the control. The present study demonstrated increased toxicities of systemic insecticides and chlorpyrifos compared to toxicities of deltamethrin and bifenthrin, suggesting these insecticides could be an alternative tool in a comprehensive H. mangiferae management program to eradicate the beetles from mango orchards.     

Flow‐injection chemiluminescent determination of estrogen benzoate using the tris(1,10‐phenanthroline) ruthenium(II)–permanganate system

Chemiluminescence (CL) detection for the determination of estrogen benzoate, using the reaction of tris(1,10–phenanthroline)ruthenium(II)–Na₂SO₃–permanganate, is described. This method is based on the CL reaction of estrogen benzoate (EB) with acidic potassium permanganate and tris(1,10–phenanthroline)ruthenium(II). The CL intensity is greatly enhanced when Na₂SO₃ is added. After optimization of the different experimental parameters, a calibration graph for estrogen benzoate is linear in the range 0.05–10 µg/mL. The 3 s limit of detection is 0.024 µg/mL and the relative standard deviation was 1.3% for 1.0 µg/mL estrogen benzoate (n = 11). This proposed method was successfully applied to commercial injection samples and emulsion cosmetics. The mechanism of CL reaction was also studied. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Global fold and backbone dynamics of the hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein transmembrane domain determined by NMR

E1 and E2 are two hepatitis C viral envelope glycoproteins that assemble into a heterodimer that is essential for membrane fusion and penetration into the target cell. Both extracellular and transmembrane (TM) glycoprotein domains contribute to this interaction, but study of TM–TM interactions has been limited because synthesis and structural characterization of these highly hydrophobic segments present significant challenges. In this NMR study, by successful expression and purification of the E2 transmembrane domain as a fusion construct we have determined the global fold and characterized backbone motions for this peptide incorporated in phospholipid micelles. Backbone resonance frequencies, relaxation rates and solvent exposure measurements concur in showing this domain to adopt a helical conformation, with two helical segments spanning residues 717–726 and 732–746 connected by an unstructured linker containing the charged residues D728 and R730 involved in E1 binding. Although this linker exhibits increased local motions on the ps timescale, the dominating contribution to its relaxation is the global tumbling motion with an estimated correlation time of 12.3 ns. The positioning of the helix–linker–helix architecture within the mixed micelle was established by paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy and phospholipid-peptide cross relaxation measurements. These indicate that while the helices traverse the hydrophobic interior of the micelle, the linker lies closer to the micelle perimeter to accommodate its charged residues. These results lay the groundwork for structure determination of the E1/E2 complex and a molecular understanding of glycoprotein heterodimerization.     

Energetics and biochemistry of fermentative benzoate degradation by Syntrophus gentianae

The pathway of fermentative benzoate degradation by the syntrophically fermenting bacterium Syntrophus gentianae was studied by measurement of enzyme activities in cell-free extracts. Benzoate was activated by a benzoate-CoA ligase reaction, forming AMP and pyrophosphate, which was subsequently cleaved by a membrane-bound proton-translocating pyrophosphatase. Glutaconyl-CoA (formed from hypothetical pimelyl-CoA and glutaryl-CoA intermediates) was decarboxylated to crotonyl-CoA by a sodium-ion-dependent membrane-bound glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase, a biotin enzyme that could be inhibited by avidin. The overall energy budget of this fermentation could be balanced only if the dearomatizing reduction of benzoyl-CoA is assumed to produce cyclohexene carboxyl-CoA rather than cyclohexadiene carboxyl-CoA, although experimental evidence of this reaction is still insufficient. With this assumption, benzoate degradation by S. gentianae can be balanced to yield one-third to two-thirds of an ATP unit per benzoate degraded, in accordance with earlier measurements of whole-cell energetics. Received: 5 August 1998 / Accepted: 18 February 1999