Temperature effects on egg development of the rosy apple aphid and forecasting of egg hatch

The development of Dysaphis plantaginea (Pass.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) winter eggs was studied at six different constant temperatures ranging from 7.5 to 16.5 °C in order to improve the basis for phenological forecasts in early spring. The mortality was generally low at temperatures below 13.5 °C but increased considerably at 16.5 °C. The effect of temperature on development rates could be described with linear regression within the temperature range under study. The lower temperature threshold for development was estimated to be 4.0 °C and the thermal constant 140 day‐degrees. A time‐varying distributed delay approach was used to establish a temperature driven phenology model for winter egg hatch of D. plantaginea considering the intrinsic variability in development time. The model parameters such as temperature‐dependent development times and corresponding variances were quantified based on the experimental data. When compared with independent observations on egg hatch under semifield conditions, the model gave satisfactory validation results. It can be used as forecasting tool for the optimal timing of monitoring and control measures for D. plantaginea in early spring.     

The effects of weed strips on aphids and aphidophagous predators in an apple orchard

Selected weeds were used to attract antagonists of apple aphids in an apple orchard near Berne, Switzerland. In the year before the experiment, in 1991, the apple aphidsDysaphis plantaginea (Pass.) andAphis pomi (DeGeer) and aphidophagous predators were homogenously distributed in the orchard. In April 1992, weed strips were sown between tree rows and along the border parallel to the first and the last row of trees in one part (the other part served as control). In both parts of the orchard, randomly chosen tress were controlled visually in weekly intervals in 1992 and 1993. During flowering of weeds more aphidophagous predators were observed on the apple trees within the strip-sown area than in the control area. The most abundant and permanent aphidophagous predators were spiders, predaceous Heteroptera, Coccinellidae, and Chrysopidae. Both species of aphids were significantly less abundant in the area with weed strips than in the control area during the vegetation period. The effects of the weed strips on aphidophagous predators, and those of predators on aphids, are discussed.     

The biology and energetics of the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae, living in galls of the apple aphids Dysaphis devecta and Aphis pomi

A non-gall-forming aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, was reared within the galls of Dysaphis devecta and Aphis pomi which had been induced in apple seedlings. Similar aphids were also reared on ungalled seedling leaves of a similar age and also on mature leaves and in old galls.There is a weak positive linear relationship between lipid content and pre-reproductive adult dry weight, but aphids living on young galled or ungalled plant tissue have 30% lipid compared to 11% for aphids living on old plant tissue. Adult aphids gradually decline in weight, losing between 24% and 38% of their pre-reproductive biomass before death. The energy content of this loss subsidieses reproduction. Reproduction of aphids feeding in old galls or on mature leaves was negligible, but on younger tissues average fecundity was 31, there being little difference between aphids living on galled and ungalled tissue. There is no simple relationship between pre-reproductive adult embryo content and fecundity.The principal factor mediating honeydew production was aphid size and this factor overrides any variation caused by different feeding sites. Honeydew production averaged 0.43 mg during a life of 30 days. Aphids successfully completing their life cycle have a life-time energy consumption of 30.58 joules of which 18% is lost as heat during respiration (R), 30% is contained in honeydew (F+U), 1% is contained in exuviae (Pe). Larval growth accounts for 17% (Pg), and adult reproduction for 34% (Pr).The P/C ratio for M. euphorbiae is 53% and is broadly comparable with aphids living on herbaceous plants.

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Résumé Un puceron ne formant pas de galles, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, a été élevé dans des galles de Dysaphis devecta et Aphis pomi formées sur semis de pommiers. D'autres M. euphorbiae ont été élevés sur feuilles sans galles du même âge provenent de semis identiques, sur feuilles mûres et sur vieilles galles.Il y a une faible relation positive linéaire entre la teneur en lipides et le poids sec des adultes avant la reproduction, mais les pucerons élevés sur tissus végétaux jeunes avec ou sans galles contiennent 30% de lipides contre 11% pour ceux élevés sur tissus âgés. Le poids des pucerons adultes diminue progressivement, la perte avant la mort se situant entre 24 et 38% de la biomasse avant la reproduction. Le contenu énergétique de ces pertes alimente la reproduction. La reproduction de pucerons consommant les vieilles galles ou les feuilles mûres était négligeable, mais sur jeunes tissus la fécondité moyenne était de 31-avec peu de différences entre pucerons sur galles ou feuilles-. Il n'y a pas de corrélation simple entre le contenu en embryon des adultes avant la reproduction et la fécondité.Le principal paramètre conditionnant la production de miellat est la taille du puceron; ce paramètre surpasse toute variation provoquée par les divers lieux d'alimentation. La production moyenne de miellat est de 0,43-mg pendant une vie de 30 jours. Les pucerons accomplissant leur cycle avec succès utilisent pendant leur vie 30,58 joules, dont 18% sont dissipés sous forme de chaleur pendant la respiration (R); le contenu du miellat (F+U) correspond à 30%, et 1% est contenu dans l'exuvie (Pe). La croissance larvaire (Pg) utilise 17%, et l'activité reproductrice des adultes (Pr) 34% de l'énergie. Le rapport P/C-53% pour M. euphorbiae-est globalement comparable à celui des pucerons vivant sur plantes herbacées.

     

Aphid‐tending ants on introduced fennel: can resources derived from non‐native plants alter the trophic position of higher‐order consumers?

1. Although plant invasions often reduce insect abundance and diversity, non‐native plants that support phytophagous insects can subsidise higher trophic levels via elevated herbivore abundance. 2. Here ant–aphid interactions on non‐native fennel on Santa Cruz Island, California are examined. Fennel hosts abundant, honeydew‐producing fennel aphids. The patchiness of fennel and the relative lack of honeydew‐producing insects on other plants at our study sites suggest that assimilation of fennel‐derived honeydew would increase the abundance and decrease the trophic position of the omnivorous, aphid‐tending Argentine ant. 3. To assess the strength of the ant–aphid interaction, a comparison of ant abundance on and adjacent to fennel prior to and 3 weeks after experimental aphid removal was performed. Compared with control plants with aphids, ants declined in abundance on and around fennel plants following aphid removal. At the habitat scale, pitfall traps in fennel‐dominated habitats captured more ants than in fennel‐free scrub habitats. 4. To determine if assimilation of aphid‐produced honeydew reduces the ant's trophic position, variation in δ¹⁵N values among ants, plants and other arthropods was analysed. Unexpectedly, δ¹⁵N values for ants in fennel‐dominated habitats were higher than those of arthropod predators from the same sites and also higher than those of ants from fennel‐free habitats. 5. Our results illustrate how introduced plants that support phytophagous insects appear to transfer energy to higher trophic levels via elevated herbivore abundance. Although assimilation of fennel‐derived honeydew did not appear to reduce consumer trophic position, spatial variation in alternative food resources might obscure contributions from honeydew.     

RFLP and RAPD markers linked to the rosy leaf curling aphid resistance gene (Sd1) in apple

 Sd ₁ is a dominant gene for resistance to biotypes 1 and 2 of the rosy leaf curling aphid, Dysaphis devecta Wlk., which can cause economic damage to apple trees. This report describes the identification of three RFLP and four RAPD markers linked to Sd ₁ in a cross between the D. devecta susceptible variety ‘Prima’ (sd ₁ sd ₁) and the resistant variety ‘Fiesta’ (Sd ₁ sd ₁). Potted trees were artificially infested in the glasshouse, and the ratio of resistant:susceptible plants supported the hypothesis that the resistance was under the control of a single dominant gene. The position of the gene was mapped to a single locus on a ‘Fiesta’ chromosome, within 2 cM of three tightly linked RFLP markers (MC064a, 2B12a and MC029b); the four RAPD markers were located further away (between 13 and 46 cM). This is the first report of molecular markers for an aphid resistance gene in tree fruit crops. The potential application of these markers in a marker-assisted resistance breeding programme is discussed. Received: 1 July 1996/Accepted: 23 August 1996     

The effect of ant attendance on the success of rosy apple aphid populations, natural enemy abundance and apple damage in orchards

1 The rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea, is the most serious pest of apple in Europe and, although conventionally controlled by insecticides, alternative management measures are being sought. Colonies of D. plantaginea are commonly attended by ants, yet the effects of this relationship have received little attention. 2 An ant exclusion study was conducted in two distant orchards within the U.K. At both sites, ants were excluded from a subset of D. plantaginea infested trees at the beginning of the season and populations were monitored. The number of natural enemies observed on trees was also recorded and, before harvest, the percentage of apples damaged by D. plantaginea calculated. 3 Overall, the exclusion of ants reduced the growth and eventual size of D. plantaginea populations. On trees accessed by ants, greater numbers of natural enemies were recorded, presumably because aphid populations were often greater on such trees. However, this increased natural enemy presence was diluted by the larger aphid populations such that individual aphids on ant‐attended trees were subjected to a lower natural enemy pressure compared with those on ant‐excluded trees. 4 At harvest, apple trees that had been accessed by ants bore a greater proportion of apples damaged by D. plantaginea. There were also differences in cultivar susceptibility to D. plantaginea damage. 5 The present study highlights the importance of the ant–D. plantaginea relationship and it ia suggested that ant manipulation, whether physically or by semiochemicals that disrupt the relationship, should be considered as a more prominent component in the development of future integrated pest management strategies.     

北京发现新外来蚜虫——百合西圆尾蚜Dysaphis tulipae(Boyer de Fonscolombe)

百合西圆尾蚜是一种广泛分布的蚜虫。2021年3月,在北京的淡黄鸢尾和香根鸢尾上发现了一种蚜虫,依据形态特征和分子条形码信息,鉴定为百合西圆尾蚜。本文记述了百合西圆尾蚜无翅孤雌蚜、有翅孤雌蚜的形态特征、野外鉴别特征,并列出了其分布及寄主植物（大类）,附有彩色生态照片。由于它是鸢尾属、郁金香属和百合属的害虫,具有扩散的可能性,应引起重视。     

Effects of augmentative releases of eggs and larvae of the ladybird beetle, Adalia bipunctata, on the abundance of the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea, in organic apple orchards

The impact of augmentative releases of larvae and eggs of the indigenous ladybird beetle Adalia bipunctata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) against the rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea Pass. (Homoptera: Aphididae), a major pest insect on apple trees, was assessed in field experiments in Switzerland, during 1997. In a first experiment, eggs and larvae were released on 3-year old apple trees infested with five aphids at four different predator-prey ratios (0:5, 1:5, 1:1, 5:1). In a second experiment, eggs and larvae were released at a predator-prey ratio of 5:1 on branches of apple trees naturally infested with aphids. In both experiments, the interaction with ants was taken into account and the releases were done at two different times in spring. The results showed that an augmentative release of larvae significantly prevented the build-up of colonies of D. plantaginea. Significant reductions in aphid numbers were recorded at the two highest predator-prey ratios, 1:1 and 5:1. Larvae were efficient just before flowering of apple trees at a time when growers normally have to spray their trees. On trees where ants were present the larvae of A. bipunctata were significantly less efficient. Effects of eggs of A. bipunctata, however, were less reliable. At the first date of release (5 April), they did not hatch, probably as a consequence of bad weather conditions.     

Biology and energetics of the gall inducing aphids Aphis pomi and Dysaphis devecta

Larval growth, reproduction and energetics of Aphis pomi was determined for apterae living and feeding in the newly formed and 2 or 3 week old pseudogalls. Aphids were reared on stems and mature leaves. Similar investigations were undertaken with apterous Dysaphis devecta in its own gall and with the alatiform living in the aptera gall or on young leaves.The beneficial effect of feeding in galls is soon lost because aptera growth rate is 0.015 dry mg day^–1 in young galls but falls to 0.0045 dry mg day^–1 in older galls, a decline of 30%. Larval life is correspondingly extended by 50%. Mean life time fecundity of A. pomi in young galls was 55 but in older galls or on nongalled tissue it was 23. Fecundity of D. devecta apterae was 71 compared to 34 for alatiforms living in similar galls.Life time energy consumption of A. pomi in young galls was 62.5 joules (J) with a mean of 31.2 joules in older galls. The assimilation/consumed energy (A/C) ratio, an indicator of food quality, was 57% for A. pomi in young galls and 22% on other feeding sites. Apterous D. devecta had an A/C ratio of 76% compared to a mean of 31% for alatiforms within and outside galls.The highly specialized gall inhabiting D. devecta apterae derive greater physiological benefit from gall feeding than the generalis A. pomi which can survive and reproduce within or outside its gall.

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Résumé Le développement larvaire, la reproduction et le bilan énergétique d'A. pomi ont été déterminés à partir d'aptères vivant et s'alimentant dans des galles venant d'être formées et de pseudogalles de 2 à 3 semaines. Les pucerons ont été élevés sur des pousses et des feuilles développées. Des recherches du même type ont été faites sur Dysaphis devecta aptères dans ses propres galles et sur des alatiformes vivant dans des galles d'aptères ou sur de jeunes feuilles.Les effects bénéfiques de l'alimentation dans des galles a été rapidement perdu puisque les aptères ont crû à la raison de 0,015 mg de matière sèche par jour dans des jeunes galles et de 0,0045 seulement dans les galles plus âgées, soit une diminution de 40%. La durée du développement larvaire s'étant parallèlement accrue de 50%. La fécondité moyenne de A. pomi était de 55 dans les jeunes galles contre 23 dans les galles plus âgées sur des tissus ordinaires. La fécondité de D. devecta aptère était de 71 contre 34 pour les alatiformes vivant sur les mêmes tissus.Le bilan énergétique global de A. pomi dans de jeunes galles était de 62,5 j contre 31,2 j dans des galles plus âgées. Le rapport d'assimilation sur énergie consommée (A/C), — indicateur de qualité de l'alimentation —, était de 0,57 pour A. pomi dans des galles jeunes et de 0,22 dans les autres situations. D. devecta aptère avait 0.76 comme rapport A/C contre 0,31 pour les alatiformes se développant à l'intérieur ou à l'extérieur des galles. D. devecta aptère fortement spécialisé au développement dans des galles tire un plus grand bénéfice physiologique de la consommation dans des galles que A. pomi généraliste qui peut survivre et se reproduire tant à l'intérieur qu'à l'extérieur de galles.

     

Isolation of microsatellite markers from the rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea

We report the development of five polymorphic microsatellite loci from the aphid Dysaphis plantaginea, a serious pest on apple. Using a multimotif enrichment protocol, we have isolated loci that are proving to be valuable tools for studying aphid movement at both between‐county and within‐orchard scales.