Adipokinetic hormone of the true armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta: immunohistochemistry, amino acid analysis, quantification and bioassay

Abstract A cluster of five to seven AKH-like immunoreactive cells lie in each lobe of the paired corpora cardiaca of the true armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta. These cells form a mesh work of immunoreactive processes within the corpora cardiaca, and immunoreactive tracts projecting posteriorly over the aorta.
Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography of extracts of the corpora cardiaca of P.unipuncta revealed a single large U.V. absorbent peak with a retention time identical to synthetic Manduca- AKH. Amino acid analysis of the contents of this peak yielded a composition identical to that of synthetic Manduca-AKH which was analysed in a parallel manner. Furthermore the material within the peak possessed adipokinetic activity when bioassayed in day 2 adult male P. unipuncta. The corpora cardiaca of similar individuals were found to contain approximately 17.6ng (17.6pmol) of Manduca-AKH equivalents per pair.
Injection of Manduca-AKH into 2-day-old adult male P.unipuncta resulted in a dose-dependent elevation in haemolymph lipid levels with a maximum level of 80–90μmg/μl obtained with 5–10 ng of Manduca-AKH. Continuous flight also elevated haemolymph lipid levels in day 4 adult males with a significant elevation evident in the first samples taken after 15 min of flight and lipid levels plateauing at approximately 100 μg/μl by about 60 min of flight.     

Body temperatures of Namib Desert tenebrionid beetles: their relationship in laboratory and field

Abstract The body temperatures of six apterous species of Namib Desert tenebrionid beetles were measured continuously with indwelling thermocouples under laboratory conditions and in the field. The range of body temperatures selected was within the upper half of their 'tolerated range', which we defined as the temperatures lying between measured critical thermal maximum and critical thermal minimum. In the field, individuals also maintained their body temperatures within the upper half of the 'tolerated range'. These beetles maintained higher body temperatures than those recorded for any other ectothermic insect. Three of the six species maintained lower body temperatures in the field than they selected in the laboratory. The other three species showed no significant difference between field and laboratory body temperatures. We conclude that these beetles are not forced by biotic or abiotic factors to adopt thermal niches which present them with physiological difficulties.     

The effects of unilateral antennectomy on the flight behaviour of male Heliothis virescens in a pheromone plume

Abstract .Unilaterally antennectomized Heliothis virescens (F.) males flying close to the central axis of a plume of sex pheromone display no significant differences in behaviour compared to sham-operated males in course angles, track angles, airspeed and groundspeed. This demonstrates that right/left antennal information is not necessary for normal orientation movements in response to pheromone, but rather that it is 'blended' within the moth's central nervous system before pheromone-mediated manoeuvres are made. However, some unilaterally antennectomized moths (36%) make repetitive, asymmetrical, saw-tooth-shaped tracks during pheromone-mediated upwind progress, whereas control moths never make such tracks. Unilaterally antennectomized moths made such tracks on the side of the plume contralateral to the missing antenna. We hypothesize that these occasional asymmetrical tracks in unilaterally ablated males are the result of reiterative asymmetrical pheromone stimulation of a higher probability on track legs going toward rather than away from the long axis of the plume on males with a single antenna remaining on the 'away from axis' side. Combined with a greater propensity for treated moths to lock onto the plume away from the central axis on one side rather than the other, repetitive successive asymmetrical track legs (resulting in a saw-tooth-shaped track) are commonly observed in these moths. Control moths do also make asymmetric successive track legs but they rarely are repeated and thus are not readily observed.     

Wandering behaviour and pupariation in tsetse larvae

Abstract .Following parturition, the third instar larva of Glossina morsitans morsitans West begins a wandering period in which it crawls to the site of pupariation. The duration of wandering can be drastically shortened by pinching or by denying the larva physical contact with the substrate. Contact with water increases the wandering period. Duration of subsequent activities appears to be rigidly fixed. At the end of the wandering period, the larva quickly progresses through a stereotypic sequence of behaviours that include immobilization and excretion of a liquid from the anus, retraction of the anterior segments, cuticular shrinkage, and tanning. Muscular activity and mechanical changes in the cuticle are reflected in changes of haemocoelic pressure. Muscular contractions produce pressure pulses that gradually increase in frequency and intensity, reaching a peak during retraction of the anterior segments. Changes in the mechanical properties of the cuticle cause a more gradual elevation of baseline pressure as the cuticle shrinks and loses its plasticity. As tanning begins, muscular activity ceases and haemocoelic pressure gradually decreases. In spite of its unusual early development within the confines of the female's uterus, the free-living larva shows the full behavioural repertoire observed in other cyclor-rhaphous Diptera at pupariation.     

Control of tsetse and trypanosomiasis transmission in Uganda by applications of lambda-cyhalothrin

The pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin was evaluated in field trials against Glossina f.fuscipes and sleeping sickness transmission in Iyolwa sub-county, Tororo District, Uganda. The insecticide was applied selectively to the resting-sites of tsetse, by bush-spraying, using 10% wettable powder (10WP) formulation at an application rate of 11.6 g a.i./ha over an area of 28 km2, or by a 2% Electrodyn formulation (2ED) applied at 0.9 g a.i./ha over 30 km2. In a third trial area of 32 km2, 215 pyramidal traps treated with lambda-cyhalothrin 100 mg/m2 were set. The best impact was obtained with 10WP lambda-cyhalothrin which eliminated tsetse within 1-2 months, whereas G.f.fuscipes persisted at very low density in part of the area treated with 2ED lambda-cyhalothrin. In both treated areas the numbers of human sleeping sickness cases fell to no more than one per month, compared with four to twelve per month previously. The overall rate of cattle trypanosomiasis (T.brucei and T.vivax) was also reduced slightly. Insecticide-treated traps remained fully effective for at least 6 months under field conditions and catches were reduced 20-90-fold. These results in the control of tsetse and trypanosomiasis transmission lead us to recommend lambda-cyhalothrin for tsetse control operations.