The relationship between the reduction of nonstructural carbohydrate induced by defoliator and the growth and mortality of trees

Large scale herbivorous insect outbreaks can cause death of regional forests, and the events are expected to be exacerbated with climate change. Mortality of forest and woodland plants would cause a series of serious consequences, such as decrease in vegetation production, shifts in ecosystem structure and function, and transformation of forest function from a net carbon sink into a net carbon source. There is thus a need to better understand the impact of insects on trees. Defoliation by insect pests mainly reduces photosynthesis (source decrease) and increases carbon consumption (sink increase), and hence causes reduction of nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC). When the reduction in NSC reaches to a certain level, trees would die of carbon starvation. External environment and internal compensatory mechanisms can also positively or negatively influence the process of tree death. At present, the research of carbon starvation is a hotspot because the increase of tree mortality globally with climate change, and carbon starvation is considered as one of the dominating physiological mechanisms for explaining tree death. In this study, we reviewed the definition of carbon starvation, and the relationships between the reduction of NSC induced by defoliation and the growth and death of trees, and the relationships among insect outbreaks, leaf loss and climate change. We also presented the potential directions of future studies on insect-caused defoliation and tree mortality.     

接种不同大豆根瘤菌株的根瘤放氢和吸氢的研究

本实验测定和比较了七株大豆根瘤菌与三个大豆品种共生时的放氢和固氮效率。证明了大多数菌株接种不同寄主,其根瘤的放氢、吸氢和固氮效率的差异均明显。但USDA110在三个品种上所结根瘤不放氢或极少放氢;它的固氮量最高。根瘤的能量利用率与植株的氮积累及产量的相关性尚需进一步验证。     

甘蓝型油菜芥酸和二十碳烯酸含量的基因效应

以甘蓝型油菜的4种纯合芥酸基因型之间所有可能的6个杂交组合的P_1、P_2、F_1、P_2、B_1和B_2世代为材料,用生统遗传学方法研究了芥酸和二十碳烯酸的基因作用形式及效应。发现无论亲本是单基因差异还是二基因差异,F_1和F_2代的芥酸含量都接近中亲值,F_1略大于中亲值和F_(20)世代均值分析表明,芥酸含量的遗传符合加性显性模型,加性效应占绝对优势,显性效应不显著。用数量遗传学方法估计的芥酸基因数与已知的结果相近。     

快生型大豆根瘤菌在寄主细胞内的分化及存活性

在无菌条件下,用快生型大豆根瘤菌ZA₁、ZA₁:接种栽培大豆,从根系现瘤初期,中期,直至成熟期,发现由快生型大豆根瘤菌形成的根瘤含菌组织中,菌体形态分化不明显,随着瘤龄增长到一定时期,菌体的直径由0.5μm增至0.9μm,繁殖率亦随瘤龄的增长而增长。     

强化后期氮素营养对提高水稻结实率及改善米质的作用

加强后期氮素营养能提高杂交水稻碳氨同化能力和结实率,稻米的蛋白质和八种必需氨基酸含量、谷类蛋白的赖氨酸和苏氨酸也有提高。     

刺吸式口器昆虫吸食量测定

<正> 就咀嚼式口器昆虫取食研究,由于其取食行为较为直观,经常采用称重法,直接测定昆虫某一龄期或整个一生的取食量。但刺吸式口器的昆虫,其取食对象是寄主的汁液,而且取食行为较为复杂,加上对昆虫人工饲料筛选的难度,尽管许多学者采用了许多方法,但还不能精确测定其吸食量。本文就刺吸式口器昆虫吸食量的研究方法作一概述。     

PVA和PEG预处理对大豆种子在低温吸胀过程中胚根线粒体发育和超微结构的影响

电镜观察发现,大豆种子在刚开始萌发时胚根细胞中未能见到线粒体,线粒体是在种子萌发过程中逐渐出现的,由原质体再分化发育而成。对照胚根细胞内原质体在低温吸张过程中明显膨胀,在回温后胚根细胞中原质体仍不能发育成线粒体,甚至网状膜结构破坏,呈空泡化;经聚乙烯醇(PVA)和聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)预处理的大豆种子在同样条件下线粒体能继续发育,在回温后预处理胚根细胞中线粒体发育良好,具有明显的双层膜和管状嵴的结构。这些结果表明,在低温吸胀过程中原质体能够继续再分化发育成线粒体是提高大豆种子活力和抗冷力的重要原因。     

碳谱在甙结构测定中的应用

本文以齐墩果烷型五环三萜皂甙为例,较为详细地总结归纳了~(13)C-NMR谱在糖的数目,构型、构象、连结位置以及糖链数目等方面的应用规律,以及~(13)C-NMR谱在甙键稳定性、糖的连接顺序等方面的研究概况。