Effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate steppe of Nei Mongol,China

Aims Grazing intensity and grazing exclusion affect ecosystem carbon cycling by changing the plant community and soil micro-environment in grassland ecosystems. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate grasslands of Nei Mongol; 2) to compare the difference between above-ground and below-ground litter decomposition; 3) to identify the effects of precipitation on litter production and decomposition. Methods We measured litter production, quality, decomposition rates and soil nutrient contents during the growing season in 2011 and 2012 in four plots, i.e. light grazing, heavy grazing, light grazing exclusion and heavy grazing exclusion. Quadrate surveys and litter bags were used to measure litter production and decomposition rates. All data were analyzed with ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation procedures in SPSS. Important findings Litter production and decomposition rates differed greatly among four plots. During the two years of our study, above-ground litter production and decomposition in heavy-grazing plots were faster than those in light-grazing plots. In the dry year, below-ground litter production and decomposition in light-grazing plots were faster than those in heavy-grazing plots, which is opposite to the findings in the wet year. Short-term grazing exclusion could promote litter production, and the exclusion of light-grazing could increase litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In contrast, heavy-grazing exclusion decreased litter decomposition. Thus, grazing exclusion is beneficial to the restoration of the light-grazing grasslands, and more human management measures are needed during the restoration of heavy-grazing grasslands. Precipitation increased litter production and decomposition, and below-ground litter was more vulnerable to the inter-annual change of precipitation than above-ground litter. Compared to the light-grazing grasslands, heavy-grazing grasslands had higher sensitivity to precipitation. The above-ground litter decomposition was strongly positively correlated with the litter N content (R² = 0.489, p < 0.01) and strongly negatively correlated with the soil total N content (R² = 0.450, p < 0.01), but it was not significantly correlated with C:N and lignin:N. Below-ground litter decomposition was negatively correlated with the litter C (R² = 0.263, p < 0.01), C:N (R² = 0.349, p < 0.01) and cellulose content (R² = 0.460, p < 0.01). Our results will provide a theoretical basis for ecosystem restoration and the research of carbon cycling.     

赤子爱胜蚓对尼罗罗非鱼摄食引诱作用的实验观察

用机械一电换能器和记录仪记录鱼对食物球啄咬次数的方法,观察食物球巾含有赤子爱胜蚓麋时对鱼摄食的引诱作用。实验结果表明赤子爱胜蚓麋对尼罗罗非鱼是很有效的摄食引诱物。和对照组相比,含蚓靡2％组已有显著差异(P<0.05),含4％组则有非常显著差异(P<0.01),但含4％组和6％组并无显著差异(P>0.05),可见含4％组所用蚓糜量较少而引诱效果相对较大,可认为是最佳配方。本文为配制罗非鱼颗粒饲料用赤子爱胜蚓糜作为促摄物添加剂提供了资料。     

我国沙漠中部地区主要不同生态类型植物脯氨酸的累积、光合、呼吸和叶绿素含量

中生植物脯氨酸含量为0．42mg/g.dw, 低于少浆旱生植物（1．73mg/g.dw)。多浆旱生植物脯氨酸含量最高（7．22mg/g.dw),为前两者的17倍和4倍,两类旱生植物在干旱条件下（非灌溉）脯氨酸含量均高于灌水处理。少浆与多浆旱生植物的光合强度（16．74,14．04CO2mg/g.dw.h)差异不大,而中生植物（37．57mg/g.dW.h)略高于多浆旱生植物（4．73CO2Mg/g.dw.h),与中生植物（7.60Co2mg/g.dw.h)接近,光合／呼吸值,少浆,多浆与中生植物分别为2．50,3．09和4．59,说明中生植物的合成明显大于消耗,季节动态中,中生植物显著高于两类旱生植物,叶绿素总量三类植物差异甚微。     

渤海南部半滑舌鳎的食性及摄食的季节性变化

本文研究了渤海南部半滑鳎的食性及其摄食的季节性变化,胃食物分析结果表明,半滑舌鳎为底栖生物食性鱼类,以虾类,蟹类,双壳类及部分中下层小型鱼类为主要食物,兼食一些多毛类,头足类,腹足类,棘皮动物及海葵,半滑舌鳎终年摄食,其摄食强度的周年变化不大,半滑舌鳎常年捕食鲜明鼓虾,日本鼓虾,口虾蛄,隆线强蟹及泥古隆背蟹等。夏季加强捕食小刀蛏,凸壳肌蛤等双壳类,降春季外还捕食一些以虾虎鱼为主的中下层小型鱼类。     

侧脑室注射氟安定对家兔摄食的影响

口服或外周注射安定、乙磺氟安定、氟安定等苯二氮董化合物(BZs)可促进大鼠等动物摄食。BZs可加强中枢GABA能神经抑制效应,因此BZs促进动物摄食是否是同脑内GABA能有关的中枢作用,本实验通过观察侧脑室注射氟安定对家兔摄食的影响,就这方面作了初步探讨。     

长江口白鲟幼鱼的形态、生长及其食性的初步研究

1985年6—10月于长江口共获得白鲟当年的1龄幼鱼标本49尾(体长80—530毫米),进行了有关形态、生长以及食性的观察研究。①幼鱼形态与成鱼基本相似,其体长与体长,眼径以及体长／吻须长呈明显的正相关;③6月21日至10月12日间的幼鱼长度生长方程为Lg=79．9723e^0.0213t(式中Lg为体长,毫米;t为天数),其相对增长率以8月为最快;④长江口白鲟幼鱼摄食频度为100％,平均胃饱满指数为198．46,它们是肉食性鱼类,以底栖小型虾类和鱼类为主食,食物共有8类16个可鉴别种类;④考虑到这种珍稀鱼类的种群与资源衰退现状,建议在长江河口区制定必要韵保护措施。     

矮嵩草草甸植物蒸腾强度的初步研究

 此项研究工作于1986年5—9月植物生长季节内,在海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站进行。用钴纸法测定了矮嵩草等10种植物的蒸腾强度、垂穗披碱草等3种植物的蒸腾日进程和不同植被覆盖地段的蒸腾—蒸发量,在测定时记录了气温、湿度等有关气象资料,以便分析。研究结果表明：1．矮嵩草等10种植物的蒸腾强度随植物种和所处的物候期而变化,植物生长早期蒸腾强度较低,进入生殖阶段,蒸腾强度明显提高。2．垂穗披碱草等3种植物蒸腾强度日进程呈明显的单峰型曲线,在中午或午后出现峰值,没有午休现象。这同气孔一直开着有关,是矮嵩草草甸植物蒸腾的特征之一。 3．不同植被覆盖地段的蒸腾—蒸发表明,有植被覆盖的地段的蒸腾—蒸发量较裸地的蒸发量为高。     

鲢、鳙在天然条件下的摄食强度(Ⅱ)武汉东湖鲢、鳙周年摄食强度的研究

武汉东湖的鲢(Hypophthalmichthy molitrix)鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)在天然条件下摄食强度具季节性变化。摄食强度高峰处于夏季,低谷处于冬季。在实验条件下,按周年采样期间水温变化范围,测定鱼的肠管排空率。食物通过鱼肠管时间(Y_p—h)与水温(X_t—℃)的关系为: 鲢Y_p=270.63 X_t~(0.6408) 鳙Y_p=280.46 X_t~(0.6642) 根据修正后Bajkov公式(D=C (24.A)/n),估算鱼的日粮。鱼日粮(Y_D)与水温(X_t)关系为: 鲢Y_D=0.2683e~(0.1503X_t) 鳙Y_D=0.0075X_t~(2.2715) 计算鱼在天然条件下周年月粮及年粮。鲢、鳙对天然饵料年消耗量分别为18.924公斤及17.39公斤,饵料系数分别为18.02及13.38。     

金针菇生料袋栽及营养基质的研究

呼吸是代谢的中心,呼吸强度在一般情况下可作为生理活性的指标。本文通过对金针菇、平菇,香菇各生长阶段呼吸强度的测定,为金针菇生料袋栽的可行性提供了生理依据;从栽培技术上证明生料袋栽的成败关键是温度和把握栽种时间;生料袋栽不会引起霉菌污染;金针菇培养料中添加适量的维生素B₁、B₂可明显提高经济效益。