Effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate steppe of Nei Mongol,China

Aims Grazing intensity and grazing exclusion affect ecosystem carbon cycling by changing the plant community and soil micro-environment in grassland ecosystems. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the effects of grazing intensity and grazing exclusion on litter decomposition in the temperate grasslands of Nei Mongol; 2) to compare the difference between above-ground and below-ground litter decomposition; 3) to identify the effects of precipitation on litter production and decomposition. Methods We measured litter production, quality, decomposition rates and soil nutrient contents during the growing season in 2011 and 2012 in four plots, i.e. light grazing, heavy grazing, light grazing exclusion and heavy grazing exclusion. Quadrate surveys and litter bags were used to measure litter production and decomposition rates. All data were analyzed with ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation procedures in SPSS. Important findings Litter production and decomposition rates differed greatly among four plots. During the two years of our study, above-ground litter production and decomposition in heavy-grazing plots were faster than those in light-grazing plots. In the dry year, below-ground litter production and decomposition in light-grazing plots were faster than those in heavy-grazing plots, which is opposite to the findings in the wet year. Short-term grazing exclusion could promote litter production, and the exclusion of light-grazing could increase litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In contrast, heavy-grazing exclusion decreased litter decomposition. Thus, grazing exclusion is beneficial to the restoration of the light-grazing grasslands, and more human management measures are needed during the restoration of heavy-grazing grasslands. Precipitation increased litter production and decomposition, and below-ground litter was more vulnerable to the inter-annual change of precipitation than above-ground litter. Compared to the light-grazing grasslands, heavy-grazing grasslands had higher sensitivity to precipitation. The above-ground litter decomposition was strongly positively correlated with the litter N content (R² = 0.489, p < 0.01) and strongly negatively correlated with the soil total N content (R² = 0.450, p < 0.01), but it was not significantly correlated with C:N and lignin:N. Below-ground litter decomposition was negatively correlated with the litter C (R² = 0.263, p < 0.01), C:N (R² = 0.349, p < 0.01) and cellulose content (R² = 0.460, p < 0.01). Our results will provide a theoretical basis for ecosystem restoration and the research of carbon cycling.     

幽门弯曲杆菌生物学特性的研究

从90例胃疾患者的胃粘膜上皮组织观察到幽门弯曲杆菌,应用微需氧的技术对这种细菌进行了分离和培养。在活体组织上的幽门弯曲杆菌的菌体多呈3个弯曲的螺旋形。在体外培养基上生长的菌体为稍弯曲的杆状,而在较老的培养物中细菌形态则成为短杆或类球状。显微超薄切片显示出细菌的胞壁具有双层的结构和带鞘的鞭毛。这种菌的菌体表面光滑,具有1—3根极生鞭毛,鞭毛的末端有膨大的类球形物。对分离物中的10株幽门弯曲杆菌的菌株进行了生理生化试验。其主要特征与典型的幽门弯曲杆菌基本相同,只是在25℃生长的性状有差异,并且经数次传代后能在     

拉氏拟鱼腥藻的个体发育及其分类问题

本文发现由于受环境因素影响,拉氏拟鱼腥藻Anabaenopsis raciborskii Wolosz. 个体发育可分四个时期：(I)幼体期;(II)增长期;(III)异形胞形成期;(IV)休眠孢子形成期。 其中(III)曾被定名为拉氏拟鱼腥藻Anabaenopsis raciborskii Wolosz.,(IV)曾被定名为中华尖头藻Raphidiopsis sinensis Jao和弯曲尖头藻Raphidiopsis curvata Frit,根据实验与观察,我们认为三者为同一种的不同发育阶段。     

我国沙漠中部地区主要不同生态类型植物脯氨酸的累积、光合、呼吸和叶绿素含量

中生植物脯氨酸含量为0．42mg/g.dw, 低于少浆旱生植物（1．73mg/g.dw)。多浆旱生植物脯氨酸含量最高（7．22mg/g.dw),为前两者的17倍和4倍,两类旱生植物在干旱条件下（非灌溉）脯氨酸含量均高于灌水处理。少浆与多浆旱生植物的光合强度（16．74,14．04CO2mg/g.dw.h)差异不大,而中生植物（37．57mg/g.dW.h)略高于多浆旱生植物（4．73CO2Mg/g.dw.h),与中生植物（7.60Co2mg/g.dw.h)接近,光合／呼吸值,少浆,多浆与中生植物分别为2．50,3．09和4．59,说明中生植物的合成明显大于消耗,季节动态中,中生植物显著高于两类旱生植物,叶绿素总量三类植物差异甚微。     

矮嵩草草甸植物蒸腾强度的初步研究

 此项研究工作于1986年5—9月植物生长季节内,在海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站进行。用钴纸法测定了矮嵩草等10种植物的蒸腾强度、垂穗披碱草等3种植物的蒸腾日进程和不同植被覆盖地段的蒸腾—蒸发量,在测定时记录了气温、湿度等有关气象资料,以便分析。研究结果表明：1．矮嵩草等10种植物的蒸腾强度随植物种和所处的物候期而变化,植物生长早期蒸腾强度较低,进入生殖阶段,蒸腾强度明显提高。2．垂穗披碱草等3种植物蒸腾强度日进程呈明显的单峰型曲线,在中午或午后出现峰值,没有午休现象。这同气孔一直开着有关,是矮嵩草草甸植物蒸腾的特征之一。 3．不同植被覆盖地段的蒸腾—蒸发表明,有植被覆盖的地段的蒸腾—蒸发量较裸地的蒸发量为高。     

鲢、鳙在天然条件下的摄食强度(Ⅱ)武汉东湖鲢、鳙周年摄食强度的研究

武汉东湖的鲢(Hypophthalmichthy molitrix)鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)在天然条件下摄食强度具季节性变化。摄食强度高峰处于夏季,低谷处于冬季。在实验条件下,按周年采样期间水温变化范围,测定鱼的肠管排空率。食物通过鱼肠管时间(Y_p—h)与水温(X_t—℃)的关系为: 鲢Y_p=270.63 X_t~(0.6408) 鳙Y_p=280.46 X_t~(0.6642) 根据修正后Bajkov公式(D=C (24.A)/n),估算鱼的日粮。鱼日粮(Y_D)与水温(X_t)关系为: 鲢Y_D=0.2683e~(0.1503X_t) 鳙Y_D=0.0075X_t~(2.2715) 计算鱼在天然条件下周年月粮及年粮。鲢、鳙对天然饵料年消耗量分别为18.924公斤及17.39公斤,饵料系数分别为18.02及13.38。     

金针菇生料袋栽及营养基质的研究

呼吸是代谢的中心,呼吸强度在一般情况下可作为生理活性的指标。本文通过对金针菇、平菇,香菇各生长阶段呼吸强度的测定,为金针菇生料袋栽的可行性提供了生理依据;从栽培技术上证明生料袋栽的成败关键是温度和把握栽种时间;生料袋栽不会引起霉菌污染;金针菇培养料中添加适量的维生素B₁、B₂可明显提高经济效益。     

中国西部地区鹅观草属新植物

多年生禾草,常具下伸根茎。秆柔弱,单生,微粗造,高50～60cm,径1～2mm,具5～7节,节上被短柔毛。叶鞘无毛,下部者明显长于节间：叶舌先端平截,长约0.3mm;     

解磷微生物的分离测定与盆栽试验

从土壤中分离筛选了具有解磷工的真菌２株,细菌３株,分别测定了它们在实验室条件下对磷矿粉中不容性磷的溶解转化强度,其中解磷红曲霉菌（Ｍｏｎａｓｃｕｓｓｐ）ＰＢ１,曲霉菌（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｌｕｓｓｐ）ＰＢ２的解磷强度分别为８６．５％和５９．４％显著高于解磷细菌,其解磷过程与培养液ｐＨ值下降密切相关,用红曲霉菌ＰＢ１进行的油盆栽肥效试验结果表明,ＰＢ１＋磷矿粉＋猪粪盆栽处理与对照（磷矿粉＋猪粪）相比,油