青藏高原东缘不同树种人工林对土壤酶活性及养分的影响

为评价不同树种人工林对土壤酶及养分的影响,选择立地条件和营林方式相同的4种人工林(连香树[CJ]、油松[PT]、落叶松[LK]和华山松[PA])为研究对象,以落叶灌丛(QC)为对照,比较不同树种人工林地土壤酶活性和土壤养分的变化。结果显示:(1)造林降低了土壤酸性磷酸酶、脱氢酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和过氧化氢酶活性,但人工造林后土壤脲酶活性增加;(2)造林也明显影响了土壤养分,与对照林地相比,除CJ人工林土壤中磷(P)略高外,造林地土壤有机碳(TOC)、氮(N)、水可提取有机碳(WEOC)和氮(WEON)、铵态氮(NH+4-N)和硝态氮(NO-3-N)均降低;(3)不同的人工林树种之间土壤养分及酶活性也存在一定的差异性,CJ和LK人工林土壤C、N、P及相关酶活性明显不同于PT和PA人工林;(4)土壤酶与养分变化有一定的相关性,除转化酶和多酚氧化酶反应较迟钝外,其它酶对环境反应较敏感。综合分析表明,在川西地区选择高密度单一树种造林并没有改善土壤养分和酶活性,在该地区选择落叶或阔叶树种造林可使土壤肥力恢复。     

无尾两栖类在不同生活史阶段的栖息环境

无尾目的生活史分为卵、蝌蚪和成体3个不同的阶段,它们分别生活在迥异的环境中,形成了各自阶段的生态适应。本文综述了无尾目3个阶段的栖息环境,以繁殖模式描述卵的栖息环境,以发育序列和生态表型描述蝌蚪的栖息环境,以生活类型描述成体的栖息环境。无尾目的环境选择策略集中表现了进化的关键趋向:由水向陆的运动。利用生活史对水陆两种环境的适应优势,无尾目成功地分布到除南极洲之外的所有大陆。     

超说明书用药研究进展

正药品说明书是经国家药品监督管理部门批准,药品生产企业提供,用以指导安全合理使用药品的技术性资料和法定文件。其包含药品有效性和安全性等重要科学数据和信息[1]、药品说明书范围的用法用量、适应证和禁忌证等。美国药师协会将超说明书用药定义为:药品的适应证、给药方     

农林废弃物混配基质的理化性质及其对油茶幼苗生长效应的综合评价

以腐熟的甘蔗渣( SB)、木薯皮( CP)、花生壳( PS)和火炭灰( BA)及园土( GS)为原料,按照不同体积比配制成9种混配基质,并以等体积比泥炭和园土混配基质为对照,对各基质的理化性质及基质中油茶( Camellia oleifera Abel)幼苗的生长状况进行比较;在对基质理化指标和油茶幼苗的壮苗指数进行线性回归分析和通径分析的基础上,采用主成分分析和综合评价法对各基质的育苗效果进行综合评价。结果表明：9种农林废弃物混配基质的容重、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度分别为0.23~0.47 g·cm-3、60.90%~67.23%和46.53%~58.27%, pH 6.72~pH 7.14,各基质的速效氮含量、速效磷含量、速效钾含量、pH值、电导率和通气孔隙度均高于或显著高于对照,容重则显著低于对照。在不同基质中油茶幼苗的茎粗、单株叶片数、叶长、叶宽、叶绿素相对含量( SPAD)、单株茎叶干质量、单株根干质量和壮苗指数均存在一定差异,而株高和根冠比却无显著差异;其中S9混配基质也V( SB)：V( CP)：V( BA)=2：1：1页中幼苗的大部分生长指标较高,表现出明显的生长优势。线性回归和通径分析结果显示：除通气孔隙度外,基质的其他8个理化指标基本涵盖了影响幼苗壮苗指数的关键因素;其中,速效钾含量是对壮苗指数直接影响最大的负相关因子,而速效磷含量、电导率和总孔隙度对壮苗指数则有较大的正向直接作用,并且三者通过速效钾含量对壮苗指数产生较大的负向间接作用;此外,基质容重对壮苗指数也有一定的负向直接作用。综合评价结果显示：S9和S7混配基质也V( SB)：V( BA)：V( GS)=4：3：3页对油茶育苗效果的综合得分较高,分别为14.363和14.337,建议将S9混配基质作为油茶育苗的首选替代基质,S7混配基质作为备选基质。     

扦插时间对蝟实插穗生根率和相关指标的影响及生根效应综合评价

在3月5日至9月5日期间,以蝟实( Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn.)顶端枝条作为插穗,每隔10 d扦插1次,对扦插10 d后插穗的生根率,内源吲哚乙酸( IAA)、脱落酸( ABA)和赤霉素( GA3)含量,超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)、过氧化物酶( POD)和过氧化氢酶( CAT)活性以及可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量进行比较,对生根率与上述8项指标进行相关性分析和回归分析,并对这8项指标进行主成分分析;在此基础上,对不同扦插时间插穗的生根效应进行隶属函数值分析和综合评价。结果显示：随扦插时间推移,蝟实插穗的生根率总体上呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,5月下旬至7月中旬期间扦插的插穗生根率相对较高,并以6月中旬至7月中旬期间扦插的插穗为最高,总体在70%以上。随扦插时间推移,插穗中IAA和可溶性糖含量均呈波动变化趋势;而插穗中的ABA含量、POD活性和可溶性蛋白质含量总体呈先逐渐升高后逐渐降低的趋势,GA3含量和CAT活性变化不明显,SOD活性总体上呈缓慢升高的趋势。相关性分析结果表明：蝟实插穗的生根率与IAA含量、POD活性和可溶性蛋白质含量呈极显著(P<0.01)正相关,与CAT活性呈极显著负相关。主成分分析结果显示：前2个主成分的累计贡献率为84.383%,说明前2个主成分能够基本反映蝟实扦插生根的主要影响因子,其中第1主成分中可溶性蛋白质和IAA含量为主要因子,第2主成分中CAT活性为主要因子。综合评价结果显示：5月下旬至7月中旬期间扦插的蝟实插穗的综合评价指数(D)较高,为0.747~0.983,与插穗生根率的实测值基本吻合。研究结果表明：在中国西北地区,蝟实插穗的适宜扦插时间为5月下旬至7月中旬,并以6月中旬至7月中旬为最佳;扦插过程中喷施适当浓度IAA溶液可以提高插穗的生根率。     

Responses of growth of four desert species to different N addition levels

Aims The increase in atmospheric N deposition has accelerated N cycling of ecosystems, thus altering the structure and function of ecosystems, especially in those limited by N availability. Studies on the response of plant growth to artificial N addition could provide basic data for a better understanding of how the structure of grasslands in northern China responds to increasing N deposition. Methods We investigated the seasonal dynamics of plant growth of four species after 2-year multi-level N addition in a field experiment conducted in a desert steppe of Ningxia in 2011. Plant biomass and the relative growth rate (RGR) of the studied species were measured and their relationships with C:N:P ratios of plants (community and leaf levels) and soils were analyzed. Important findings Results in 2012 showed that 2-year N addition promoted the growth of the four species and the effects were different among growth forms and were species-specific. In general, the plant biomass of the studied species was significantly correlated with leaf N concentration, leaf N:P ratio, community N pool, soil total N content and soil N:P ratio, while only weak relationships were observed between plant biomass and C:N and C:P ratios of plants and soils. In contrast, there was a significant linear relationship between RGR and N:P ratios both of plants and soils.Our results suggest that short-term N addition promoted the accumulation of plant biomass, and the species-specific responses to stimulated N addition can directly affect the structure of the desert steppe ecosystem. Plant N:P ratio and soil N:P ratio could indicate nutrient limitation of plant growth to a certain extent: N addition increased soil N content and N:P ratio, and thus relieved N limitation gradually. Once more N is available to plants, the growth of plants and the accumulation of community N was stimulated in turn.     

Foliar nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of alien invasive plants and co-occurring natives in Xishuangbanna

Aims How alien invasive plants and co-occurring native plants utilize nutrients is one of major issues in invasion ecology. Foliar nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents and stoichiometry can elucidate the uptake ability and limitation status of nutrients in plants, which provides basic knowledge for understanding the invading ability and co-occurrence or disappearance of plants.
Methods Based on typical alien invasive plants (Chromolaena odorata, Ageratina adenophora) and native plants in southwestern China, this study focused on strategies of N and P utilization among invasive plants and native plants under different invasion conditions. The species compositions, aboveground biomass, leaf N and P contents and leaf N:P were investigated for plants in plots with no invasion and with different invasion extents (estimated by the plot-based percentage of invaders’ biomass in total community) at Mt. Kongming in Xishuangbanna region, Yunnan Province, China.
Important findings The species number decreased significantly with the invasion extent of both C. odorata and A. adenophora, although the aboveground biomass was greatly enhanced. Leaf N and P contents did not differ between the two studied invaders, but they showed significantly higher N and P levels than both co-occurring and only native species (p < 0.05). Besides, leaf N and P contents of invaders increased with the invasion extent, and leaf N of native plants also showed an increasing trend with the invasion extent. When the influence of invasion was checked for the same species, leaf P contents decreased, whereas leaf N and N:P increased for most native plants under invasion. Based on the absolute foliar N and P contents, N:P values, we inferred that native plants were still limited by N, although N availability might be enhanced by invasion. Both invasive plants had leaf N:P values lower than 10, suggesting a higher P uptake relative to N uptake. All above results highlighted a higher N and P uptake of typical alien invasive plants in southwestern China.     

纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶微生态调节剂对菌群失调大鼠免疫因子及SOD、MDA、NO、MPO表达的影响

摘要：目的 探讨纳米山药多糖双歧杆菌合生元结肠靶微生态调节剂对菌群失调模型大鼠的免疫因子及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、一氧化氮（NO）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）表达的影响。方法 大鼠i.g盐酸林可霉素造成菌群失调伴有免疫缺陷肠炎模型,将大鼠随机分成靶向制剂组、阳性对照组和自然恢复组,紫外分光光度法检测结肠匀浆样本SOD、MDA、NO和MPO含量,微量溶血酶标仪分光光度法测定血清溶血素水平,ELISA法测定IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、sIgA及GM-CSF含量。结果 与自然恢复组相比,纳米山药多糖组显著提高大鼠溶血素水平（0.406±0.0122 vs 00.267±0.0138）、sIgA（51.64±4.21 vs 35.26±3.05）和SOD（13.400±0.255 vs 6.250±0.144）含量（t=14.14,t=8.351,t=31.68,P<0.05）,明显降低大鼠结肠样本中MDA（1.255±0.082 vs 22.070±0.080）、NO（1.520±0.112 vs 3.260±0.134）和MPO（0.520±0.065 vs 1.110±0.218）的含量（t=59.61,t=26.02,t=6.351,P<0.05）,L-1β（65.23±3.09 vs 119.67±9.97）、IL-6（156.67±3.91 vs 225.46±3.60）、TNF-α（30.56±5.60 vs 1.110±0.218）和GM-CSF（125.615±4.164 vs 205.99±3.45）在大鼠血清中的表达均有不同程度的明显的的下降（t=12.77,t=31.68,t=8.29,t=28.88,P<0.05）,且恢复到正常水平。结论 纳米山药多糖双歧杆菌合生元结肠靶微生态调节剂能减轻肠道炎症,提高溶血素水平、sIgA和GM-CSF含量,降低IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量,提高机体免疫能力,是理想的中药微生态调节剂。     

纳米山药多糖结肠靶向微生态调节剂对菌群失调大鼠胃肠激素的影响

目的研究纳米山药多糖结肠靶向微生态调节剂对肠道菌群失调模型大鼠胃肠激素的影响。方法以i.g盐酸林可霉素造成肠道菌群失调模型,将大鼠随机分成正常组,阳性对照组,纳米山药多糖高、中、低剂量组,自然恢复组和模型组。以水合氯醛对大鼠进行麻醉,应用放射性免疫法对各组大鼠的血清及结肠组织的血管活性肠肽、胃动素、生长抑素和P物质四种胃肠激素进行测定。结果与模型组相比较,纳米山药多糖高、中剂量组能够降低血管活性肠肽、胃动素、生长抑素和P物质的含量,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),且恢复到正常水平。结论纳米山药多糖结肠靶向微生态调节剂能够恢复血管活性肠肽、胃动素、生长抑素和P物质四种胃肠激素的正常水平,具有调节胃肠道动力,促使胃肠道的正常收缩和改善胃肠道对水和电解质运输的能力。     

复合微生态制剂对子宫内膜炎家兔模型的治疗效果研究

摘要：目的 研究复合微生态制剂对子宫内膜炎家兔模型的治疗效果。方法 通过临床症状、子宫剖检和病理组织切片观察治疗效果。结果 家兔模型精神状态差,阴道流出粘性分泌物,剖检子宫严重充血、水肿,复合微生态制剂治疗后,症状明显减轻。结论 复合微生态制剂对子宫内膜炎家兔模型有明显的治疗效果,为今后临床治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎提供试验依据。