个木虱科一新属三新种：同翅目：木虱总科

为纪念昆虫分类学家周尧教授执教五十周年和由他创办并主编的《昆虫分类学报》创刊十周年,特选了他在五十年前(1928年)由四川康定和1983年“太白山昆虫考察组”采集的木虱标本撰写此文。本文包括了个木虱科(Triozidae)的一新属三新种。模式标本保存在北京农业大学昆虫标本室。     

模拟酸雨-土壤酸化-杉木、木荷根系生长关系的研究

一、引言酸雨是当今世界重大的环境问题之一,它对生态环境的影响已引起各国政府及人们的极大关注。酸性降水对林木生长的影响目前有两种观点,即“由顶而下论”和“由底而上论”。持前一观点者认为,酸性降水淋洗树木叶子中的镁,伤害了树木的光合作用器官,影响树木的生长,导致森林的衰败。以西德学者     

大肠杆菌D一木糖异构酶基因的分子克隆与表达

经DNA体外重组,并以D-木糖异构酶缺陷型菌株互补加以检定,获得了大肠杆菌D-木糖操纵子克隆．通过次级克隆,分离得到了D-木糖异构酶基因克隆。为试图提高酶活力,将含有D-木糖操纵子和异构酶基因的克隆DNA片段,分别克隆若干个高拷贝质粒上,并且观察了不同宿主对基因表达的影响。实验结果表明,D-木糖操纵子和D-木糖异构酶基因在不同大肠杆菌菌株细胞中均能表达。     

上思瓜馥木精油的化学成分

上思瓜馥木(Fissistigma shantzeense Tsiang et P. T. Li)系番荔枝科瓜馥木属植物,分布于广西和云南西南部,鲜花具有浓郁的香气。为开发利用这一香料资源提供依据,我们对其化学成分进行了分析。     

方差分析在台木类木化石鉴定中的应用

本文用方差分析区别具台木类木材的三个种：太原台木(Dadoxylon taiyuanensis),生根无髓根（Amyelon radicans)和徐氏无髓根（A.xui),并同国外的种比较,结果表明,用这种方法能定量地研究植物性状之间的区别,并得到较好的效果。     

四合木（Tetraena mongolica）茎化学成分的GC-MS分析

近年来,特有植物天然成分分析与开发利用已经成为药物化学研究的热点问题之一[1]。四合木( Tetraena mongolica Maxim.)为蒺藜科( Zygophyllaceae)单属植物,仅分布于内蒙古高原和亚洲中部,为中国特有珍稀植物,也为国家二级濒危植物。四合木在防风固沙和维持荒漠生态系统功能方面具有突出的意义;此外,四合木也极易燃烧,在当地被称为“油柴”,因此,四合木有可能成为新的能源植物。目前,对四合木的相关研究主要集中在种群生态学和保护生物学方面[2-4],对四合木化学成分[5-7]及提取物生物活性[8-9]也进行了相关研究。     

Effects of decay classes and diameter classes on physico-chemical properties of Pinus koraiensis log in a typical mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest

AimsLog is an important component for most of forest ecosystems. It plays crucial roles in maintaining soil fertility, sustaining biodiversity and cycling of carbon (C) and nutrient. However, physico-chemical properties of logs vary with decay classes and diameter classes. Our objective was to study effects of decay classes and diameter classes on physico-chemical properties of logs in a typical mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest in northern China.MethodsIn this study, logs of Pinus koraiensis were chosen as it was the constructive species in the typical mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest. Logs of P. koraiensis at each decay classes (I-V) were divided into four diameter classes, including diameter class i ≤ 10.0 cm, diameter class ii: 10.1-30.0 cm, diameter class iii: 30.1-50.0 cm, and diameter class iv > 50.0 cm. Then, we explored effects of different decay classes, diameter classes and their interactions on the physico-chemical properties of logs for both the heartwood and sapwood.Important findings The results showed that the physico-chemical properties of heartwood and sapwood generally exhibited similar variations. Their moisture content both increased with an increasing decay class, whereas wood density both decreased with an increased decay class and diameter class. The carbon concentrations of the sapwood showed a trend of gradual increasing during decomposition, and there was an accumulation in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations of the heartwood and sapwood with an increased decay class, simultaneously. Only N and P concentrations of the heartwood increased and then decreased with an increasing diameter class. The cellulose content decreased with an increasing decay class. In contrast to the cellulose, the lignin content increased with an increased decay class. However, cellulose and lignin contents exhibited no distinct trend among diameter classes. The moisture content of logs had a significant positive correlation with C, N, P concentrations and lignin content (except P concentrations of the heartwood), but had a significant negative correlation with the cellulose content (p< 0.05). The wood density was negatively correlated with C, N, P concentrations and the lignin content, but it was positively correlated with the cellulose content (p< 0.05). Therefore, physico-chemical properties of logs had unique patterns along both decay classes and diameter classes, and the physical properties of logs (the moisture content and wood density) were important factor affecting the variations of their chemical contents.     

里氏木霉Cel5A基因优化及其在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

内切纤维素酶Cel5A缺乏是限制纤维素酶制剂高效酶解天然纤维素的关键因素。本文尝试构建高效表达里氏木霉Cel5A的毕赤酵母重组菌株以弥补目前Cel5A的天然分泌不足,通过基因密码子偏好性优化里氏木霉Cel5A基因和构建表达载体p PIC9K-eg2,并将其电转入毕赤酵母GS115以构建重组子,利用浓度梯度平板和摇瓶发酵筛选获得一株高产毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris菌株GS115-EGⅡ。重组酶的酶学性质分析显示,该酶分子量50 k Da、最适p H(p H 4.5)略有降低及最适反应温度为60℃,专一性地作用于非结晶纤维素,与天然里氏木霉Cel5A并无明显区别。通过摇瓶发酵的初步优化,该菌摇瓶培养条件:培养温度28℃、起始p H 5.0、接种量2%、每24 h添加甲醇1.5%(V/V)、每24 h添加山梨醇4 g/L及吐温80添加4 g/L,发酵192 h重组酶酶活达到24.0 U/m L。进一步上罐(5 L)发酵180 h,该重组酶Cel5A酶活高达270.9 U/m L,蛋白含量达到4.16 g/L。重组毕赤酵母P.pastoris GS115-EGⅡ是一株适合于外源表达Cel5A的工程菌,该重组酶可替代天然分泌Cel5A适用于当前酶基生物炼制模式下木质纤维素基质高效水解中。     

我国高校生态学专业建设与人才培养方向探讨

对我国生态学专业建设与人才培养存在的问题进行了分析,认为当前存在几方面问题：生态学科和生态学新专业快速发展与师资力量相对薄弱之间的矛盾、课程设置和教学内容的“泛与专、深与浅”之间的矛盾、生态学教学的“软”与生态环境建设的“硬”之间的矛盾,以及社会对生态学人才的现实需求与实际供给之间的矛盾.提出了相关的改革思路与对策：制定生态学专业相关的发展建设规划,适度调整招生规模;实现教学内容与教学方式“从课堂到田间”、“从软到硬”的转变;发展与推行参与性、互动式、研究型和创新型等多元化教学方法;加大生态学专业本科教学质量工程以及教学资源库建设力度,实现资源共享;建立生态学“T”型人才培养模式.最后,针对生态学毕业生的就业问题,提出了一系列以就业为导向的生态学专业人才培养方向.     

基于最小费用模型的景观连接度评价

作为物种扩散的重要影响因子,景观连接度反映了景观促进或阻碍生物体在资源斑块间运动的程度,它也是区域土地可持续利用和生物保护领域的主要指标.最小费用模型起源于图论,其结合了景观中的详细地理信息和生物体的行为特征,通过费用距离分析可直观形象地描绘出物种在异质景观中的连接度,且可在GIS程序包中实现简便运算和适度的数据需求量,使其在大尺度景观连接度评价中受到广泛关注.本文结合当前的景观连接度研究,详细阐述了最小费用模型评价景观连接度的意义、原理及运算过程,并探讨了该模型应用中存在的问题,以期为进一步开展相关研究及生物多样性保护提供依据.