基于陈述性偏好法的三江平原湿地生态保护价值比较

陈述性偏好法是当前用于评估环境物品非市场价值的主要方法,包括条件价值评估法(CVM)和选择实验(CE).本文利用陈述性偏好法对三江平原湿地的生态保护价值进行评估,基于随机效用理论构建陈述性偏好方法的支付意愿评价模型,求出基于CVM与CE的三江平原湿地生态保护价值的支付意愿(WTP).结果表明: 基于CE的平均支付意愿为每年379元,不同选择属性的边际支付意愿分别是水源涵养为每年114.00元,湿地面积为每年72.55元,自然景观为每年59.55元,生物多样性为每年37.09元;CVM的平均支付意愿为每年134元.分析支付意愿的影响因素,并对受访者拒绝支付原因进行探讨.CE方法得到受访者的支付意愿显著高于CVM方法,社会经济属性中受教育程度和个人平均年收入与受访者的支付意愿呈显著正相关,而拒绝支付原因没有显著差异.CE可以进行多属性、多水平分析,求出湿地各选择属性的支付意愿,因此CE比CVM更能揭示受访者的偏好信息,其评估结果更接近于实际.     

坡改梯工程对胡家山小流域非点源污染负荷时空变化的影响

以丹江口库区胡家山小流域为研究对象,利用2005、2010和2015年3个时期的Landsat TM/ETM遥感影像,结合长期野外观测资料,应用输出系数模型,在GIS技术支持下,研究了以坡改梯工程为主要内容的小流域综合治理工程实施前后,流域非点源污染总氮(TN)负荷的时空变化及其影响因素.结果表明: 由于坡改梯工程的实施,流域内坡度15°以上区域的耕地面积明显增加,林地和荒地面积有所减少.流域非点源污染TN负荷由工程实施前的63028 kg增加到2010年的72778 kg ,实施后则降低到46876 kg.其中,农村生活的贡献率较高,3期平均贡献率为53.5%,但呈逐年减少趋势;土地利用的贡献率平均为45%,呈逐年增加趋势;畜禽养殖贡献率始终较低.流域非点源氮素负荷强度的空间分布在工程实施前后发生了较为明显的变化.实施前,高负荷强度区主要集中在5°～15°坡度区间,实施后高负荷强度区集中在15°～35°区间,5°～8°区间成为低负荷强度区;在时间变化上,0°～8°坡度区间的TN负荷强度随时间的变化较小,8°以上坡度区间,表现为先增加后减少的趋势.随着村落污水、垃圾和畜禽粪便得到治理,居民生活、畜禽养殖非点源氮素输出明显减少;由于坡改梯工程的实施,耕地面积增加了31%.     

Impact of naturalistic lighting on hospitalized stroke patients in a rehabilitation unit: Design and measurement

Introduction and rationale: Stroke is a major cause of acquired cerebral disability among adults, frequently accompanied by depression, anxiety, cognitive impairment, disrupted sleep and fatigue. New ways of intervention to prevent these complications are therefore needed. The major circadian regulator, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, is mainly controlled by natural daylight, and the blue spectrum is considered the most powerful. During stroke rehabilitation, patients typically are mostly indoors and therefore not exposed to the natural daytime variation in light intensity. Furthermore, several rehabilitation hospitals may be exposed to powerful light in the blue spectrum, but at a time that is adversely related to their endogenous circadian phase, for example in the late evening instead of the daytime. Hypothesis: Naturalistic light that mimics the natural daytime spectrum variation will have a positive impact on the health of poststroke patients admitted to rehabilitation. We test specifically for improved sleep and less fatigue (questionnaires, polysomnography, Actiwatch), improved well-being (questionnaires), lessen anxiety and depression (questionnaires), improved cognition (tests), stabilizing of the autonomous nervous system (ECG/HR, blood pressure, temperature) and stabilizing of the diurnal biochemistry (blood markers). Study design: The study is a prospective parallel longitudinal randomized controlled study (quasi randomization). Stroke patients in need of rehabilitation will be included at the acute stroke unit and randomized to either the intervention unit (naturalistic lighting) or the control unit (CU) (standard lighting). The naturalistic light is installed in the entire IU (Cromaviso, Denmark). Conclusion: This study aims to elucidate the influence of naturalistic light on patients during long-term hospitalization in a real hospital setting. The hypotheses are based on preclinical research, as studies using naturalistic light have never been performed before. Investigating the effects of naturalistic light in a clinical setting is therefore much needed.     

Self-assembly of surfactant aqueous solution confined in a Janus amphiphilic nanotube

Abstract

In recent years, Janus amphiphilic nanotubes with complex surfaces have been synthesized. However, the self-assembly behaviour of surfactant solutions confined in a Janus amphiphilic nanotube has not been investigated so far. We performed molecular simulations to investigate the morphologies and phase diagrams of a surfactant confined in Janus amphiphilic nanotube consisting of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. We derived a phase diagram of the representative snapshots of equilibrium morphologies. Morphologies that were not observed in the bulk eventuated in confined systems. Moreover, the self-assembled structures were found to be dependent on the spatial confinement. Furthermore, the self-assembled structures confined in hydroneutral and Janus amphiphilic nanotubes were compared. The results suggested that the self-assembled structures confined in the Janus amphiphilic nanotube resembled that confined in the hydroneutral nanotube owing to a strong confinement effect. Further developments in controlling the morphologies and self-assemblies will greatly advance their applications of these materials in nanofluidic devices, or for nanopatterning.     

响应面法优化微波辅助提取山苍子核仁油的研究

通过微波辅助提取技术结合响应面法优化山苍子核仁油提取条件,以期建立更高产率的提取方法。该研究在单因素设计基础上,选取液料比、微波功率、萃取时间、萃取温度4个主要因素,分析这4个因素对山苍子核仁油提取率的影响。结果表明:通过建立多元回归拟合分析,得出山苍子核仁油提取最佳工艺条件为液料比1∶16,萃取温度为69℃,微波功率为337 W,萃取时间为63 min,在此条件下山苍子核仁油提取率为37.42%,与环己烷溶剂回流法相比较提取率提高了30.11%。气质联用仪分析结果显示,山苍子核仁油主要成分有16种占总成分的88.21%,鉴定出10种脂肪酸占总成分的78.24%,饱和脂肪酸有4种占总成分的43.23%,不饱和脂肪酸有6种占总成分的35.01%,脂肪酸中含量最高的为月桂酸(31.36%)。该研究结果表明该方法严谨、可靠,采用微波辅助提取山苍子核仁油是可行的。     

蜂蜜中内源性物质苯甲酸的研究进展

蜂蜜是一种蜜蜂采集植物花蜜后酿制而成的天然甜味物质,具有丰富营养成分和多种生理活性功能。本文明确了苯甲酸是蜂蜜中天然存在的一种特征性风味物质,且含量与蜜源植物有关,并对其检测方法、形成机理、代谢途径和稳定性等进行了概述。最后,提出应深入细化蜂蜜等食品中苯甲酸形成机理的基础研究,不仅可针对性降低加工工艺导致的含量升高,更可为传统产业科技转型升级提供技术支持。     

Three-dimensional discrete element method for the prediction of protoplasmic seepage through membrane in a biological cell

This paper presents a three-dimensional and compressible biological cell model based on discrete element method using multiple interacting agent that represent cellular structures within a simulated environment. The cytoplasm and nucleoplasm fluid behavior in the cell is time dependent. When taking this approach, it is important to calibrate protoplasmic flow behaviors through simulation techniques such as compressing the cell and examining the agents representing the cell cytoplasm seeping between the ones representing the confining cell membrane. This type of modelling may motivate future work on simulating simultaneous operations and interactions of multiple cellular agents in an attempt to re-create and predict the appearance of complex phenomena such as protoplasmic seepage that is caused by the force actuations of neighboring cells. Seepage occurs when a cytoplasm agent passes between three membrane particles connected in a triangular network. Based on the force–deformation response of spheres having variable size and stiffness, semi-analytic expressions are developed for the force required to cause seepage and solved numerically to find the maximum resistance offered by the membrane against cytoplasm seepage. The equations are based on force equilibrium and the constitutive relations for particle contact and membrane stiffness. In multi-particle representations of an individual cell undergoing deformation, different modes of cytoplasm seepage through confining cell membranes can occur. This can be avoided if simple criteria are satisfied. These findings can lead to certain fundamental laws for the improvement of novel cell-to-organ simulation techniques based on discrete element method.     

Computational study to investigate effect of tonometer geometry and patient-specific variability on radial artery tonometry

Tonometry-based devices are valuable method for vascular function assessment and for measurement of blood pressure. However current design and calibration methods rely on simple models, neglecting key geometrical features, and anthropometric and property variability among patients. Understanding impact of these influences on tonometer measurement is thus essential for improving outcomes of current devices, and for proposing improved design. Towards this goal, we present a realistic computational model for tissue-device interaction using complete wrist section with hyperelastic material and frictional contact. Three different tonometry geometries were considered including a new design, and patient-specific influences incorporated via anthropometric and age-dependent tissue stiffness variations. The results indicated that the new design showed stable surface contact stress with minimum influence of the parameters analyzed. The computational predictions were validated with experimental data from a prototype based on the new design. Finally, we showed that the underlying mechanics of vascular unloading in tonometry to be fundamentally different from that of oscillatory method. Due to directional loading in tonometry, pulse amplitude maxima was observed to occur at a significantly lower compression level (around 31%) than previously reported, which can impact blood pressure calibration approaches based on maximum pulse pressure recordings.     

Response of Soil Bacterial Community Structure to Permafrost Degradation in the Upstream Regions of the Shule River Basin,Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Permafrost degradation affects soil properties and vegetation, but little is known about its consequent effects on the soil bacterial community. In this study, we analyzed the bacterial community structure of 12 permafrost-affected soil samples from four principal permafrost types, sub-stable permafrost (SSP), transition permafrost (TP), unstable permafrost (UP) and extremely unstable permafrost (EUP), to investigate the effects of vegetation characteristics and soil properties on bacterial community structure during the process of permafrost degradation. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the predominant phyla in all four permafrost soil types. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria decreased in the order SSP > TP> UP > EUP, whereas the abundance of Actinobacteria increased in the order SSP < TP < UP < EUP. Moreover, the Actinobacteria/Proteobacteria ratio increased significantly in the order SSP < TP < UP < EUP along with permafrost degradation, which may be useful as a sign of permafrost degradation. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that bacterial communities could be clustered by permafrost types. Analysis of single factors revealed that soil moisture (SM) was the most important factor affecting the bacterial community structure and diversity, followed by soil total nitrogen (STN) and vegetation cover (VC). Partial RDA analysis showed that the soil properties and vegetation characteristics jointly shaped the bacterial community structure. Hence, we can conclude that permafrost degradation, caused by global warming, affects vegetation and soil properties and consequently drives changes in the soil bacterial community structure.